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The Greco-Persian Wars
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Behistun Inscription
1) I am Darius, the great king, king of kings, the king of Persia, the king of countries, the son of Hystaspes, the grandson of Arsames, the Achaemenid.
(2) King Darius says: My father is Hystaspes; the father of Hystaspes was Arsames; the father of Arsames was Ariaramnes; the father of Ariaramnes was Teispes; the father of Teispes was Achaemenes.
(3) King Darius says: That is why we are called Achaemenids; from antiquity we have been noble; from antiquity has our dynasty been royal.
(4) King Darius says: Eight of my dynasty were kings before me; I am the ninth. Nine in succession we have been kings.
(5) King Darius says: By the grace of Ahuramazda am I king; Ahuramazda has granted me the kingdom.
(6) King Darius says: These are the countries which are subject unto me, and by the grace of Ahuramazda I became king of them: Persia, Elam, Babylonia, Assyria, Arabia, Egypt, the countries by the Sea, Lydia, the Greeks, Media, Armenia, Cappadocia, Parthia, Drangiana, Aria, Chorasmia, Bactria, Sogdia, Gandara, Scythia, Sattagydia, Arachosia and Maka; twenty-three lands in all.
(7) King Darius says: These are the countries which are subject to me; by the grace of Ahuramazda they became subject to me; they brought tribute unto me. Whatsoever commands have been laid on them by me, by night or by day, have been performed by them.
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Persian Cuneiform
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Darius I on the throne, with the tall figure of Crown Prince Xerxes behind him.
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Herodotus• 484-c.425 B.C.
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Xenophon
• c.430-c.354
• Mercenary in Persian army
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The Persian Empire 490 B.C.
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Cause # 1: The Ionian Revolt
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Cause # 2Siege of Sardis
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492 B.C. Darius sends Mardonius to Thrace
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Darius Sends Fleet
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Battle of Marathon 490 B.C.
• Athenians led by Miltiades, former mercenary in Persian army
• Greek losses “192”
• Persian dead “6,400!”
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2nd Persian Invasion
• Xerxes, son of Darius
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Xerxes
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Hoplites
• (1) Helmet• (2) Cuirass• (3) Armguard• (4) Shield• (5) Belt• (6) Thigh Piece• (7) Greave• (8) Ankleguard• (9) Footguard• (10) Forearm Guard.
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The Shield
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The Cuirass
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The Helmet
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The Chigi Vase
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The Phalanx
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Leonidas at Thermopylae
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Battle of Thermopylae
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Triremes
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Plataea
Death of Mardonius, End of Persian Invasion)
Herodotus: only 43,000 of 250,000 Persians survived the battle, while the Greeks lost only 159 men
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Cultural Misconceptions