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The 2010 Haiti Earthquake: Structural Vulnerabilities,
Challenges and Opportunities for a Resilient, Sustainable Haiti
Reginald DesRoches, PhD
Professor and Associate Chair
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
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2010 Haiti Earthquake• Mw 7.0 EQ, 4:53 PM• Depth = 8.1 miles• 220,000-250,000(Haiti Gov’t)
– Largest in History (per capita)• 13 out of 15 Gov’t buildings
collapsed• 250,000 homes collapsed• 30,000 commercial buildings
collapsed• 300,000 injured• 1-1.5 Million Homeless• Estimated Cost of $14 Billion
– Largest Cost for Natural Disaster in History (as function of GDP)
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Confounding FactorsOne of Highest Exposure to
Hazards in the World
• 96% of the population is exposed to 1 or more hazards
• Two active seismic fault lines
• Highest hurricane hazard in Caribbean
• One the three most vulnerable countries to climate change impacts
Extremely High Vulnerability of Built Infrastructure
• High environmental degradation, housing and infrastructure in flood prone areas
• High level of poverty, limited public infrastructure, governance challenges and chronic financial deficit
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Trip 1:EESU Assessment Summary
~25% Red (unsafe), 25% Yellow (limited entry), ~50% Green (safe)
•Hospitals/Medical Facilities: 34•UN Buildings/Residences: 35•Other private dwellings: 14•Schools/Colleges: 7•Warehouses: 6•Commercial buildings: 5•Orphanages: 2•Government Buildings: 3•Others:6•Total: 120
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Trip 2: EERI/ASCE Earthquake Reconnaissance
• March 6-13
• Team of 28 structural engineers, city planners, architects, geographers, emergency responders.
• Goal: Document damage, collect data, and meet with local officials and engineers.
• Make recommendations on rebuilding
• Visited over 500 facilities
• Office buildings, homes, government buildings, historical structures, industrial buildings, ports, telecommunications, water, power, and hospitals
• PaP, Leogane, Petit Goave, Jacmel, St. Marc
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Government Buildings
Presidential Palace
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Damage to Schools
St. Louie de Gonzague School
Damage to Columns
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Downtown PaP
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Overcrowding in Haiti
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Damage to Low-Rise Construction
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Common Vulnerabilities• Inadquate structural systems
– Soft stories
– Lack of symmetry
• Quality of Construction– Lack of trained/skilled labor
– Lack of Heavy machinery
• Quality of Materials– Quality of cement, sand, water
– Smooth steel bars
• Lack of Details– Insufficient longitudinal reinforcement
– Lack of transverse reinforcement
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Soft Story Failure
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Common Vulnerablities• Poor structural systems
– Soft stories
– Lack of symmetry
• Quality of Construction– Lack of trained/skilled labor
– Lack of Heavy machinery
• Quality of Materials– Quality of cement, sand, water
– Smooth steel bars
• Lack of Details– Insufficient longitudinal reinforcement
– Lack of transverse reinforcement
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Quality of ConstructionLack of appropriate tools/heavy machinery, lack of training, and lack of quality control
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Common Vulnerabilities• Poor structural systems
– Soft stories
– Lack of symmetry
• Quality of Construction– Lack of trained/skilled labor
– Lack of Heavy machinery
• Quality of Materials– Quality of cement, sand, water
– Smooth steel bars
• Lack of Details– Insufficient longitudinal reinforcement
– Lack of transverse reinforcement
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Concerns over Quality of Concrete• Weak concrete due to too
little cement
• Quality of water used in mix
• Quality of sand used in mix
• Excessive use of weak aggregates
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Excessive Use of Smooth and Corroded Bars
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Common Vulnerabilities• Poor structural systems
– Soft stories
– Lack of symmetry
• Quality of Construction– Lack of trained/skilled labor
– Lack of Heavy machinery
• Quality of Materials– Quality of cement, sand, water
– Smooth steel bars
• Lack of Details– Insufficient longitudinal reinforcement
– Lack of transverse reinforcement
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Lack of Longitudinal Steel Reinforcement
6 #4 bars represents less than 1% steel area
New Construction Site- Canape Vert.
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Digicel Tower
• Digicel is largest cellular phone company in Haiti.
• 12 story concrete framed, curtain wall tower with two adjacent concrete framed, concrete block infill buildings and a space frame tower.
• Designed according to ACI 318
• Tower performed well while adjacent buildings were heavily damaged
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Challenges for Rebuilding• Poverty & Illiteracy
• Rainy season in May & hurricane beginning in Fall
• Large quantities of Debris
• Potential looming health issues
• Lack of capacity in Haitian government
• Collapse of the educational system in Haiti– 1300+ schools/universities destroyed or damaged
• Lack of available land
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Needs for Rebuilding for Resilience (1)• Solutions that appropriate for the socio-economic
situation in Haiti, AND maintains the unique culture of Haiti
• Need to develop skilled labor force to ensure quality of construction
• Cost-effective rehabilitation methods
• Improvement in quality of materials
• Code development considering the multiple natural hazards in Haiti
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Needs for Rebuilding for Resilience (2)• Sustainable practices need to be included in
rebuilding– Renewable energy (wind, solar, etc) , sustainable water
systems, green buildings, sustainable materials, etc.
• Change in government and policies
• Training and Education
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Keys to Successful Rebuilding….
• Leadership from Haitian government
• Support and leadership from Haitian Diaspora
• Need to rebuild education system
• Need to improve health system
• Training and job creation in Haiti– Must build technical capacity in Haiti
– Rebuilding must serve as economic driver
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The Future of Haiti….