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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
EXPANSION OF AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, AND TRANSPORTATION
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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGAN IN THE 1750’S IN ENGLAND WITH THE INVENTION OF THE STEAM ENGINE
• WHY DID IT TAKE SO LONG FOR THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION TO COME TO THE US?
• LAND IN AMERICA WAS CHEAP, PEOPLE PREFERRED FARMING TO FACTORY WORK
• LABOR SCARCE (IMMIGRANTS WILL HELP FILL THE SHORTAGE)
• LACK OF MONEY FOR BUSINESS INVESTMENT
• CONSUMERS SCARCE
• BRITISH MONOPOLY OVER TEXTILE INDUSTRY
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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN AMERICA
• NEW ENGLAND BECOMES THE INDUSTRIAL CENTER OF THE UNITED STATES. WHY?
• POOR SOIL FOR FARMING
• DENSE POPULATION FOR LABOR
• SHIPPING BROUGHT IN CAPITAL
• SEAPORTS MADE THE IMPORT OF RAW MATERIALS AND THE EXPORT OF THE FINISHED PRODUCTS EASY
• AMERICAN INDUSTRY BOOMS AFTER THE WAR OF 1812 – TARIFFS WILL BE INSTITUTED TO PROTECT AMERICAN INDUSTRY
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ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE• COTTON
• RARE AND EXPENSIVE
• ELI WHITNEY INVENTS THE COTTON GIN AND REVOLUTIONIZES THE COTTON INDUSTRY• 1 LB PER WORKER PER DAY WHEN WORKING BY HAND• 1000 LBS PER WORKER PER DAY WHEN USING THE COTTON GIN
• PROFITS SKYROCKETED!!!• COTTON BECAME MAJOR CROP IN SOUTH- THE “ONLY CROP”
• KING COTTON• LARGER PLANTATIONS WERE ESTABLISHED THROUGHOUT THE SOUTH• CREATED A NEED FOR MORE SLAVES
• INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS (1798)
• WHITNEY USES A BOX OF PARTS TO ASSEMBLE A MUSKET, ENSURING THE EVERY PART OF THE MUSKET WOULD BE THE SAME
• BECOMES THE BASIS FOR MASS-PRODUCTION
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ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE
• IRON PLOWS
• EASED THE JOB OF BREAKING THE SOIL
• AN IMPROVED PLOW IS DEVELOPED WITH PARTS THAT COULD BE REPLACED
• JOHN DEERE’S STEEL PLOW WAS USED TO BREAK UP THE HARD SOIL OF THE GREAT PLAINS
• THE TRANS-ALLEGHENY REGION BECAME THE NATION'S BREADBASKET – WILL SOON RIVAL THE SOUTH IN TERMS OF PRODUCTION
• CYRUS MCCORMICK – PRODUCED A MECHANICAL MOWER-REAPER IN THE 1830S
• FARMERS WENT INTO DEBT TO BUY LAND AND MACHINES; NEEDED WAYS TO MORE QUICKLY TRANSPORT ITEMS
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ADVANCES IN TRANSPORTATION
• WILDERNESS ROAD
• WAS THE PRINCIPAL WESTWARD ROUTE FOR U.S. PIONEERS FROM 1790 TO 1840
• BLAZED IN 1775 BY THE AMERICAN FRONTIERSMAN DANIEL BOONE
• THE ROAD FOLLOWED OLD BUFFALO TRACES AND NATIVE AMERICAN PATHS, BUT MUCH OF IT HAD TO BE CUT THROUGH THE WILDERNESS.
• IN THE EARLY YEARS, MANY TRAVELERS FELL VICTIM TO HOSTILE NATIVE AMERICANS.
• THE ROAD WAS ABANDONED AROUND 1840, ALTHOUGH MODERN HIGHWAYS FOLLOW MUCH OF ITS ROUTE.
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ADVANCES IN TRANSPORTATION
• WATER TRANSPORT
• STEAMBOATS PROVIDE CHEAPER AND FASTER TRANSPORT
• ROBERT FULTON AND ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON CREATE THE FIRST COMMERCIALLY SUCCESSFUL STEAMBOAT, THE CLERMONT
• THE STEAMBOAT COULD DEFY WIND, WAVE, TIDE, AND DOWNSTREAM CURRENT
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ADVANCES IN TRANSPORTATION
• CANALS AND WESTERN WATERWAYS- MADE GOODS EASIER TO CARRY
• ERIE CANAL BETWEEN THE HUDSON RIVER AND LAKE ERIE
• ERIE CANAL OPENS IN 1825 AFTER 8 YEARS OF CONSTRUCTION
• IMPACT OF CANAL:
• REDUCED TRAVEL TIME FROM NYC TO BUFFALO
• COST OF MOVING A TON OF FREIGHT WENT FROM $100 TO $5
• INSPIRED CANAL MANIA!!!!
• ERIE CANAL MADE THE ENTIRE GREAT LAKES REGION AN ECONOMIC TRIBUTARY TO NYC
• TIED TOGETHER THE EAST AND THE WEST WHILE FURTHERING ALIENATING THE SOUTH
• THE CONSTRUCTION OF ADDITIONAL CANALS IN OHIO AND INDIANA ALSO DREW MUCH OF THE OHIO VALLEY INTO NYC’S ECONOMIC SPHERE
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MAP OF ERIE CANAL
GETTING TO THE GREAT LAKES BEFORE THE ERIE
CANAL – JUST THE RIVER IS 744 MILES
Getting to the Great Lakes after the Erie Canal – 323
miles
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ADVANCES IN TRANSPORTATION• RAILROADS
• THE MOST SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION TO A CONTINENTAL ECONOMY WAS THE RAILROAD (“THE IRON HORSE”)
• FASTER, CHEAPER, USABLE IN ALL SEASONS AND WEATHER CONDITIONS, AND IN ALL TERRAINS
• THE FIRST ONE APPEARED IN 1828 AND BY 1860 THERE WAS 30,000 MILES OF RAILROAD TRACK (3/4 IN NORTH)
• FLAWS OF EARLY RAILROADS:
• SAFETY FLAWS (BAD BRAKES, SPARKS, ETC.)
• SCHEDULING PROBLEMS
• DIFFERENCES IN GAUGE
• TOOK AWAY MONEY FROM THE ERIE CANAL INVESTORS
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ADVANCES IN TEXTILES
• GREAT BRITAIN HAD MADE GREAT ADVANCES IN THE STEAM ENGINE IMPROVED BY JAMES WATT
• FORBID THE EXPORT OF MACHINES AND PREVENTED MECHANICS FROM LEAVING THE COUNTRY
• BUT THEY COULDN’T STOP EVERYONE!
• SAMUEL SLATER MEMORIZED THE INNER WORKINGS OF A BRITISH TEXTILE MILL AND DUPLICATED IT HERE IN THE US
• SAMUEL SLATER HAD EVADED BRITISH LAW AGAINST EMIGRATION OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN ORDER TO SEEK HIS FORTUNE IN AMERICA.
• THE SLATER MILL WAS THE FIRST AMERICAN FACTORY TO SUCCESSFULLY PRODUCE COTTON YARN WITH WATER-POWERED MACHINES.
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CHANGES IN COMMUNICATION
• CABLES (TELEGRAPHS) WERE LAID ACROSS THE ATLANTIC OCEAN BY CYRUS FIELD
• GOES DEAD AFTER 3 WEEKS, BUT A PERMANENT CABLE IS LAID IN 1866 AND CONNECTS THE US AND EUROPE
• THE PONY EXPRESS WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1860 TO CARRY MAIL FROM ST. JOSEPH, MISSOURI TO SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA IN ABOUT 10 DAYS
• THE MAIL SERVICE COLLAPSED AFTER 18 MONTHS DUE TO LACK OF PROFIT – SAMUEL MORSE’S MACHINE TOOK OVER
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MARKET REVOLUTION
• THE SELF-SUFFICIENT FAMILY DISAPPEARS AS MORE AND MORE PEOPLE LEAVE FARMS AND BEGIN TO WORK IN FACTORIES
• THE MARKET REVOLUTION OCCURS – PEOPLE NEED TO SHOP FOR THE THINGS THEY NEED
• THE GAP BETWEEN THE RICH AND POOR WIDENS – MOST EASILY SEEN IN GROWING CITIES
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WORKING DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• CONDITIONS OF WORKERS IN FACTORIES:
• LONG HOURS
• LOW WAGES
• POOR VENTILATION, LIGHTING, AND HEATING
• PROBLEMS WITH CHILD LABOR
• 1820: MORE THAN HALF OF THE NATION’S INDUSTRIAL WORKERS WERE UNDER 10
• FACTORY WORKERS WERE FORBIDDEN BY LAW TO FORM LABOR UNIONS TO RAISE WAGES.