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The journey of sustainability-the Indian
vernacular and beyond
BySwati Chokshi, M. Arch (by research)
M. Arch (Project Management in Construction)Academy of Architecture, Associate Professor
[email protected] August 2013
Green Building Workshop, NME-ICT,
IIT Bombay
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected] -
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Introduction
o Approaches
Sustainability could have two basic approaches
o naturalistic or the passive or
o the active or artificial.
The latter is energy driven; and can be seen largely as what could
be termed as second level or sometimes even as remedial
measures. Whereas the earlier one, is simply smart design,
planning and detailing; more importantly, done at the right stage.
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Introductiono The Indian context:
As Indians, we have a sustainable outlook towards life in
general; we have been living sustainable lives sincegenerations. This bank of wisdom is our legacy today and
the onus is on us to see how it can be taken forward.
This outlook has embraced all walks of life, be it
alternative medicine, social sustainability or sustainability
of the built environment.
o Rich and diverse vernacular traditions:
Our rich vernacular tradition actually starts from the
natural settings of the site/city, and responds to
metaphysical concerns, climate, local skills/materials andappropriate technology.
More importantly, it is a passive approach and thus less
energy intensive; these are proven technologies and often
scalable.24/8/2013 SWATI CHOKSHI, M. ARCH,
Source: Zazzle.ca
Source: conserveindia.org
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The vernacular is it sustainable ?
o Vernacular architecture-what it is?
The vernacular architecture could be understood as the buildingtraditions which have been developed by people over generations and
often built by themselves.
These are tried and tested practices which have actually sustained the
ravages of time; they have been handed down through generations. They
rely on passive measures, by and large and respond to the context.
Basically, it is architecturewithout architects.
The basis of vernacular is that it responds to several contextual aspects :
Climate, Place, Culture, Materials, Local skills and also
Maintenance, Durability and Metaphysical aspects
The premise is that the vernacular tradition was extremelysustainable in every sense of the wordlet us see how throughsome examples
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Metaphysical aspects
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o Metaphysical aspects: Vaastu shashtra The Vaastu shashtra is the ancient Indian treatise that
sets forth principles on how the laws of nature impact
human settlements.
The mandala was regarded as the representation of the
cosmos and the house was also considered sacred. If its
planning was in sync with the forces of nature it would
result in overall harmony and prosperity. The mandala is the graphical diagram on the basis of
which the houses and even cities were planned.
Vaastu Purusha MandalaSource:http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1906/jaipur-evolution-of-
an-indian-city
o The Vaastu Purusha MandalaIt represents the metaphysical plan of a building; it incorporates the
supernatural forces. The central space is always an open to sky courtyardproviding the connect to outer space. Various deities/5 elements (air, water,
earth etc.) govern different squares of the mandala and impart their
characteristics to these spaces.
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Metaphysical aspects
o Mandala zones: Functions are assigned to different
spaces:
Corners: Northeast for the home shrine,
southeast for the kitchen, southwest forthe master bedroom and northwest forthe cowshed, grain storage.
The spaces lying between the cornersare for multi purpose use.
o Planning cities using themandala:
The idea of planning based onthe mandala was even
extended to city planning. The
city of Jaipur is also based
upon a 9 squares mandala.
It was planned in the 1700s
However it encompassed the
natural features, topography
as well as other functional
aspects like military needs,existing infrastructure etc. and
modified the grid to respond
to the topography.
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Source: http://www.vastu-design.com/seminar/14a.php
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Planning: Jaipur, IndiaThe stepwise progression of theplanning is obvious
The central axes was laid outbetween the existing major entrieson the east and west gates
This was crossed by 2 vertical roadsdividing the city into 9 squares and
further subdivided to form ahierarchy of road networks.
The northwest square touched theranges which formed part of thenatural defense and hence was
dropped . Instead a square was extended out
towards the south east.
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Source: http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1906/jaipur-evolution-
of-an-indian-city
http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1906/jaipur-evolution-of-an-indian-cityhttp://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1906/jaipur-evolution-of-an-indian-cityhttp://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1906/jaipur-evolution-of-an-indian-cityhttp://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1906/jaipur-evolution-of-an-indian-cityhttp://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1906/jaipur-evolution-of-an-indian-cityhttp://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1906/jaipur-evolution-of-an-indian-cityhttp://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1906/jaipur-evolution-of-an-indian-cityhttp://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1906/jaipur-evolution-of-an-indian-cityhttp://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1906/jaipur-evolution-of-an-indian-cityhttp://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1906/jaipur-evolution-of-an-indian-cityhttp://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1906/jaipur-evolution-of-an-indian-cityhttp://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1906/jaipur-evolution-of-an-indian-cityhttp://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1906/jaipur-evolution-of-an-indian-cityhttp://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1906/jaipur-evolution-of-an-indian-cityhttp://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1906/jaipur-evolution-of-an-indian-city -
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Planning climatically responsive cities-Gujarat
The buildings have common walls (like rowhouses); they are generally ground plustwo/three structures approached by narrowstreets.
This ensures shade and coolness on the streetsas well as minimal exposure to the hot and dryclimate.
The courtyard is a climatic device that gets inlight and ventilation as the building depth getstoo deep.
The highlight here is the morphologyof these cities which are tightly
packed and climatically responsive tothe hot dry climate
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Source: Footprints e.a.r.t.h . research,Yatin Pandya
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Examples: Vernacular architecture
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o The Warlihome(a tribe in Maharashtra) It is built by the local residents; with karvi
walls using local materials i.e mud plaster on a
framework of branches.
It is climate responsive; it has a light externalenvelope which loses heat quickly and allows air
movement, in this hot and humid climate.
This is a live tradition in Maharashtra.
What is evident inthe examples is the
seamless blendbetween the use oflocally availablematerials and skillspicked by theresidents in buildingand maintainingtheir own homes
Local materials are
manipulated to suittheir lifestyle andclimate withoutimpacting theenvironment.
Source: Paper by Remigius de souza, 1993
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Examples: Vernacular architecture,Rajasthan
The traditional shelter is called abhoonga It can even withstand earthquakes The circular form ensures minimum
exposure to the external elements which
are extreme; a hot and dry desert climate. They are all built around open courtyard
like spaces forming clusters
Smaller openings control entry of light,heat and winds
The building materials are mud for thewalls and thatch for the roof.
The interiors are beautifully embellishedwith local mirror work patterns.
Bhoonga: Source; Footprints, e.a.r.t.h.,Yatin Pandya
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Examples: Vernacular architecture, Kerala
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Source:http://arkistudentscor
ner.blogspot.in/2012/01/pad
manabhapuram-palace.html
o The Padmanabhapuram palace: This is representative of the local architectural style in
Kerala in its more lavish avataar. It is well suited to the climate with multiple
courtyards to allow air movement across the complex.
It is designed and built to be durable as wellas maintenance-free. The floors are gleaming blackeven after a period of about 400 years or more.. It is
said that the flooring was done using a mixture of
different materials like burnt coconut shells, egg
whites, plant juices etc.
It is obvious how theglare has been cut
through meticulous
fenestration detailing.
http://arkistudentscorner.blogspot.in/2012/01/padmanabhapuram-palace.htmlhttp://arkistudentscorner.blogspot.in/2012/01/padmanabhapuram-palace.htmlhttp://arkistudentscorner.blogspot.in/2012/01/padmanabhapuram-palace.htmlhttp://arkistudentscorner.blogspot.in/2012/01/padmanabhapuram-palace.htmlhttp://arkistudentscorner.blogspot.in/2012/01/padmanabhapuram-palace.htmlhttp://arkistudentscorner.blogspot.in/2012/01/padmanabhapuram-palace.htmlhttp://arkistudentscorner.blogspot.in/2012/01/padmanabhapuram-palace.htmlhttp://arkistudentscorner.blogspot.in/2012/01/padmanabhapuram-palace.htmlhttp://arkistudentscorner.blogspot.in/2012/01/padmanabhapuram-palace.html -
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Examples: Vernacular architecture, GoaChapel of St Catherine,Goa from the 16 centuryoriginally, rebuilt in 1952
Laterite structures in Goa and around
These modest structures are usually plastered
in lime or a mix of lime and earth or even left
unplastered with huge sloping roof overhangs
They generally have sloping roofs to combat
the rain and the strong sun.
When the house gets dilapidated it literally
crumbles down to earth and brings the building
materials back to their organic and naturalstate, completingthe loop
The wood used is often the local jackfruit wood
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Source:http://goanarchitecture.blogspot.in/2007/11/stone-and-earth.html
A modest Goan home in laterite; plastered with earth
source:http://www.virtualtourist.com/tra
vel/Asia/India/Goa-
1098247/Things_To_Do-Goa-
Chapel_of_Saint_Catherine-BR-1.html
http://goanarchitecture.blogspot.in/2007/11/stone-and-earth.htmlhttp://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/India/Goa-1098247/Things_To_Do-Goa-Chapel_of_Saint_Catherine-BR-1.htmlhttp://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/India/Goa-1098247/Things_To_Do-Goa-Chapel_of_Saint_Catherine-BR-1.htmlhttp://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/India/Goa-1098247/Things_To_Do-Goa-Chapel_of_Saint_Catherine-BR-1.htmlhttp://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/India/Goa-1098247/Things_To_Do-Goa-Chapel_of_Saint_Catherine-BR-1.htmlhttp://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/India/Goa-1098247/Things_To_Do-Goa-Chapel_of_Saint_Catherine-BR-1.htmlhttp://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/India/Goa-1098247/Things_To_Do-Goa-Chapel_of_Saint_Catherine-BR-1.htmlhttp://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/India/Goa-1098247/Things_To_Do-Goa-Chapel_of_Saint_Catherine-BR-1.htmlhttp://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/India/Goa-1098247/Things_To_Do-Goa-Chapel_of_Saint_Catherine-BR-1.htmlhttp://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/India/Goa-1098247/Things_To_Do-Goa-Chapel_of_Saint_Catherine-BR-1.htmlhttp://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/India/Goa-1098247/Things_To_Do-Goa-Chapel_of_Saint_Catherine-BR-1.htmlhttp://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/India/Goa-1098247/Things_To_Do-Goa-Chapel_of_Saint_Catherine-BR-1.htmlhttp://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/India/Goa-1098247/Things_To_Do-Goa-Chapel_of_Saint_Catherine-BR-1.htmlhttp://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/India/Goa-1098247/Things_To_Do-Goa-Chapel_of_Saint_Catherine-BR-1.htmlhttp://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/India/Goa-1098247/Things_To_Do-Goa-Chapel_of_Saint_Catherine-BR-1.htmlhttp://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/India/Goa-1098247/Things_To_Do-Goa-Chapel_of_Saint_Catherine-BR-1.htmlhttp://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/India/Goa-1098247/Things_To_Do-Goa-Chapel_of_Saint_Catherine-BR-1.htmlhttp://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/India/Goa-1098247/Things_To_Do-Goa-Chapel_of_Saint_Catherine-BR-1.htmlhttp://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/India/Goa-1098247/Things_To_Do-Goa-Chapel_of_Saint_Catherine-BR-1.htmlhttp://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/India/Goa-1098247/Things_To_Do-Goa-Chapel_of_Saint_Catherine-BR-1.htmlhttp://goanarchitecture.blogspot.in/2007/11/stone-and-earth.htmlhttp://goanarchitecture.blogspot.in/2007/11/stone-and-earth.htmlhttp://goanarchitecture.blogspot.in/2007/11/stone-and-earth.htmlhttp://goanarchitecture.blogspot.in/2007/11/stone-and-earth.htmlhttp://goanarchitecture.blogspot.in/2007/11/stone-and-earth.htmlhttp://goanarchitecture.blogspot.in/2007/11/stone-and-earth.html -
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Resources-water Water is a scarce resource; so there are two
major strategies:
Water harvesting as well as recycling. Even the rock cut architecture built decades
ago took these issues into consideration.
The Kanheri caves, (Mumbai) which were builtas religious retreats for the Buddhist monks,also show the presence of channels cut across
the external rock cut faces to carry down waterinto underground storage tanks.
More recent and relevant example is that of theunderground tanks (Tanka) in most of thetraditional houses of Gujrat. These have a coverand can supply clean potable water for a
midsized family for a year; that is a hugeadvantage in a hot and dry zone. Water iscollected through a copper pipe and stored inthe stone or lime tank (about 15 by 15 ft and 25ft deep.)
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Tanka in Gujrat homes
Source: Debashish Nayak, Indian heritage
cities network conference, 2008
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Resources-water
Water is drawn by a rope and bucket; theopening is lifted up by 2 ft and is the only
visible part of the tank. Its a decorativeelement and covered with an iron lid.
Recycling was a practice from the past inwater starved areas; e.g water used forcooking in washing vegetables etc. was
used to wash the courtyard and then toclean the toilets and so on.
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lidSource: Debashish Nayak, Indian heritage
cities network conference, 2008
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Energy and its aspects: light and ventilation Indians are very energy conscious out of choice; a case in
point is that to date most people use the solar heat and
/or air movement to dry clothes instead of energy guzzlingdevices.
Most vernacular buildings are well lit andventilated/climate responsive as to avoid orminimize the use of artificial devices.
Passive micro climatic manipulation: There wasalways the use of microclimatic control by making use of
water bodies or fountains etc in climatic devices like
courtyards to modify adverse climatic impacts of hot and
dry climate or the use of thick walls to introduce time lagsin the fluctuating diurnal cycle.
Light: It is such an important aspect of architecture bothin terms of quantity which has a bearing on energy usage
as well as in terms of its qualitative aspects like glare etc.
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Source: istockpohto.com
Source: azprintables.com
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Energy and its aspects: light and ventilation Most of our buildings had grills etc and
fenestration/faade engineering done to control and
manipulate light by means of devices like jalis or doublewindows with wooden louvres etc.
A lot of religious buildings like temples and masjids also
used similar strategies to control light and air movement .
Water: More lavish buildings like palaces and forts madeingenious use of water to cool the building envelope; the
walls would have water pipes embedded inside to cool
down the masonry walls; the water was cooled naturally
by making it run over surfaces and exposing it to the
atmosphere. Ventilation: Wind scoops also allowed the entry of
breeze into the hot desert zones; micro climatic
modifications include the introduction of dripping water
by installing a pot at the top of the scoop.
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Source: istockpohto.com
Source: en.wikipedia.org
Oth s ts f s st i bilit j t
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Other aspects of sustainability-projectmanagement perspective
Sustainability has aspects apart from the obvious ones; some of them are:
o Life cycle aspect: Choice of a construction method that is lean along
with lean organizations to manage the entire project. Building durablestructures which are maintenance free is another way of
looking at sustainability. The building would then pay off its higher capitalexpenditure by having minimal operating expenses.
Materials that are seemingly high cost and more energy and resourceintensive in their manufacturing etc can be used to generate more benefitsover their entire lifestyle as well as disposal and recycling potentials. This isthe lifecycle approach where the project is looked at from the point of viewof its entire life from inception, construction phase, operations all the wayunto disposal.
o Value engineering: The idea is to obtain best value by evaluating various
options without really increasing the costs; they are to be optimized.o Detailing/Technology: If this is done sensitively using devices like jalis,
(trellises) fountains, water to cool building fabrics etc can add moresustainable measures at a micro scale. Technology could be both; high onenergy (and then optimized) or even passive justified by the demands ofthe context.
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Courtyard architectureo Courtyard architecture: The courtyard home was
the prevailing Indian planning model before the advent
of western ones. It was very versatile;as a climaticdevice, as a outdoor cooking/dining, sleeping/livingarea and for festivities etc.
It was adaptable to any climate across Indiancultures and geographies. That explains its survival.
o Proportions: A hot humid zone shouldhave courtyards with more length and
breadth compared to height where the
basic climatic strategy is to cut out heat
and provide air movement A hot dryclimate needs more height to provideshade. It allows cool air to settle down in
the summer and allow outdoor living in the
sunnier parts of the courtyard in winters.
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Source: Footprints e.a.r.t.h
Yatin Pandya
L i
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Learnings.o Learnings from the vernacular that can be used in contemporary
architecture Make use of passive measures: Use planning devices like courtyards,
suitable orientation, envelope design and appropriate detail elements likejalis, water bodies with responsive roof and fenestration design.
Make use of local materials without major modifications in their naturallyoccurring organic states to completethe loopalong with the use of localcrafts and skills.
Build to create structures that are largely durable and maintenance free.
Ensure resource optimization: Go for water harvesting and recycling, energyoptimization by ensuring good daylight and ventilation,(using naturalcurrents, with windscoops, solar chimneys etc) space cooling/heating (usingpassive measures like geothermal energy or earth sheltered buildings)Limitations : This architecture cannot be replicated the way it was built byour ancestors for the current populations numbers nor for the urban highrise typology. However, its strength is that, it is adaptable tochange; that probably explains how it has survived to date.
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M j i hi h h
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Major issues which have come upin the last couple of decades Source: www.un.org
Can the vernacular servecontemporary needs ? Major
changes of the last fewdecades:
Population growth has beenphenomenal; that has placed
great strain on the finite
resources, especially water
and clean air. The ecological
footprint has increased;
putting the carrying capacity
under great pressure. So wecant build and consume the
way we used to. It will
become 8-11 billion by 2050
based on fertility rates.
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Urbanization is the next biggest thingtoday; the trend predicts more
urbanization. The delivery is for bigger
numbers concentrated in tight, near
parasitic land pockets.
Consumption: People aspire for a lifestylelike the developed world. Energydemands to run appliances/equipment in
buildings is now huge and increasing.
M j i hi h h i
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Major issues which have come up inthe last couple of decades
So clearly, the future focus will be on cities and their changing
morphology. It is now going to be a dense high rise development. (a
relative term). Smaller towns may also give up the single plot/single
occupant model and move onto 4-7 storey developments.
New materials, technologies andbuilding systems continue to beinvented; these are marketed veryaggressively and also have potential.
And, last but not the least,
Globalization now allows access toalmost anything, anywhere acrossthe globe; there is ease of
transportation as well. So people cannow buy materials from any placeand transport them anywhere.
Climate change: This is the result ofthese activities
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Urbanization projections
Applications of basic leanings or conceptual
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Applications of basic leanings or conceptualideas of vernacular architecture
Although the focus is on urban development; other regions also need
suitable strategies
Applications of these learnings can be done in the following areas:
Skyscrapers
Cities-scale of operations is different than that of buildings
Typologies apart from residential/commercial and mixed use
Infrastructure
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C t t i bl b ildi
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Passive strategies:
The building allows air flow across the north south long facades; through the
louvred external wall and the screened internal wall partitions of the
residential quarters and out through its windows.
The east and west have minimal exposure minimizing the solar gain
Contemporary sustainable buildings
Corridor: Source: The Introduction of Modernism inIndia, Pankaj Vir Gupta
The Golconde, Pondicherry: It is the
first sustainable rcc building in modernIndia and perhaps the earliest one in the
world as well.(1945)
It is planned on vernacular traditions like
climate sensitivity and radical economy by
minimal resource consumption anduncompromising construction standards
to get a durable, maintenance free
building.
I t ti ith th l ds l ts
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Integration with the landscape elementsand a building envelope that catches andalso controls the light and winds.
It is a dormitory for the ashram for the
Aurobindo Ashram in Pondicherry. It wasbuilt by the residents themselves
It was the first cast in situ poured concretebuilding in India. Its environmental agenda isobvious in its architectural vocabulary.
It has a protective skin of manually operablelouvres.
The roof system comprises concrete tileswith an insulating cavity between theconcrete deck and the semi circular tiles.
It has woven teak-wood sliding doors thatpermit the passage of breeze withoutcompromising visual privacy, and a system ofpools and gardens that cool the ambient air.
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Louvred faadeSource: The Introduction of
Modernism in India, Pankaj
Vir Gupta
Contemporary structures taking off from the vernacular
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Contemporary structures taking off from the vernaculartradition using elements that work
A contemporary courtyardhome in Thrissur-theinterior courtyardSource:http://purj.in/s/Time-Travellercontrolcom.html
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Source: http://www.betterinteriors.in/wp-
content/uploads/2013/06/01-IMG_1840-01.jpg
Modern interpretations of thecourtyardSource: Understanding courtyard design, Smriti Saraswat
Skyscrapers: The Pearl River Tower China by SOM
http://purj.in/s/Time-Travellercontrolcom.htmlhttp://www.betterinteriors.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/01-IMG_1840-01.jpghttp://www.betterinteriors.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/01-IMG_1840-01.jpghttp://www.betterinteriors.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/01-IMG_1840-01.jpghttp://www.betterinteriors.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/01-IMG_1840-01.jpghttp://www.betterinteriors.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/01-IMG_1840-01.jpghttp://www.betterinteriors.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/01-IMG_1840-01.jpghttp://www.betterinteriors.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/01-IMG_1840-01.jpghttp://www.betterinteriors.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/01-IMG_1840-01.jpghttp://www.betterinteriors.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/01-IMG_1840-01.jpghttp://www.betterinteriors.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/01-IMG_1840-01.jpghttp://purj.in/s/Time-Travellercontrolcom.htmlhttp://purj.in/s/Time-Travellercontrolcom.htmlhttp://purj.in/s/Time-Travellercontrolcom.html -
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Skyscrapers: The Pearl River Tower, China by SOM
Most sustainable skyscrapers follow some of the following strategies:
o The trend today is to produce net zero energy structures
o
Energy: Light and heating, ventilation and air conditioning take up huge energyfor residential as well as commercial structures. Hence, the focus is on reducingenergy demand and using renewables; typically wind turbines because wind isa significant force for these tall structures but it also offers an opportunity; the
other source is BIPV(building integrated photovoltaic)
Light: Use of appropriate glass is now possible; they allow natural daylight(to
penetrate the building) while controlling solar gain, and minimize the need for
artificial lighting while reducing heating loads. These glass facades or roofs often
integrate the BIPV and create energy simultaneously.
o Water:It is recycled and harvested
o
Construction management and methodologies: Most buildings make use ofmaterials that are durable and need minimal maintenance adopting a lifecycleapproach and also advocate recycled content wherever possible (e.g. aluminum,
local timber etc.) Energy efficient appliances are used.
The Pearl River Tower is one such building which uses most of these strategies
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Skyscrapers: The Pearl River Tower, China
Wind is funnelled down the vertical face of the
tower toward a series of turbines; photovoltaic
panels in the buildings skin absorb and retain
solar energy.
Space heating/cooling was achieved by using
water for radiant heating ceiling integrated.
The towers unique shape was derived
from the behaviour of the natural
elements at the buildings site. The
buildings form was optimized to local
solar and wind patterns, harnessing the
energy of these resources and utilizing this
natural power to sustain the building.
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Wind used to generate energySource: forum.skyscraperpage
BIPV at roofSource:rtho179.blog
Source: skyscrapercit.com
Imperial towers
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Source: http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-
smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-
for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/
This is a competition-winning prototype which will
probably become the tallest skyscraper in Mumbai
Standing 400-meters about the crowded city
streets, the 116-story Imperial Towerscurvilinear
form is aerodynamically shaped to confuse the
wind. Its 132 residential units are punctuated by
north and south facing sky gardens, which breakup wind currents around the tower and provide
unprecedented access to natural light and views
of the Arabian sea.
The towers highly sustainable, metallic skin
blocks heat gain and diffuses direct sunlight in thehot and humid climate of Mumbai.
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Imperial towers,Mumbai(proposed)
Further sustainable measures will be used on grey water and rainfall
collection, highly efficient mechanical systems, a green-wall podium and
the use of native vegetation.
Masdar city Abu Dhabi Major concepts
http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/http://www.archdaily.com/369617/adrian-smith-and-gordon-gill-architecture-unveils-proposal-for-mumbai-s-tallest-tower/ -
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Masdar city, Abu Dhabi, Major concepts
This a Zero energy, Zero carbon and fossil fuel free city by
Sir Norman Foster in Abu Dhabi; it was started in 2008 and
will be completed in 2015 to 2015.It aims at having the
highest quality of life with lowest environmental impact.
Its planning draws on traditional Arabian cities, aims to
reduce energy demand, uses water bodies for evaporative
cooling and orientation to derive shade along with gardens
It will have driverless electric vehicles for private transportin underground subways along with a ground level LRT
(light rail transit) and a subterranean high speed metro
(the maximum distance from any point to public transport
is 250m)
It aims to reduce demand for water and electricity using
smart devices and monitoring and will also recycle all
waste. Electricity will be derived from waste and
renewables like geothermal and solar energy.
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Pedestrian streetsFuturewewant .org
Source:Unbiasedwriter.com
Master
plan:source:Knowledge.allianz.com
Tjib C lt l C t N C l d i 1990 98
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Tjibaou Cultural Centre, New Caledonia-1990-98
Founded in memory of an assasinated
leader in 1989, the Jean-Marie Tjibaou
Cultural Centre draws on local buildingtraditions and expertise, mixing the
ancient and the modern.
It is located in the Pacific Ocean to the
east of Australia; the climate is tropical,
the population comprises the Kanak
population. The design takes inspiration
from local building methods and
materials, (Iroko local wood which need
no maintenance )and works with certainnatural elements, such as the winds on
this exposed site, light and existing
vegetation.
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The functionality of New
Caledonian huts were
reproduced and adapted,
architecturally as well as socially.
The ten huts, of three different
sizes, from 20 to 28 metres
height, are interconnected by afootpath. They serve functions
like exhibition spaces, research
areas, a conference, a library,
and dance studios.
Source:http://www.rpbw.com/project/41/jean-marie-tjibaou-
cultural-center
http://www.rpbw.com/project/41/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/http://www.rpbw.com/project/41/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/http://www.rpbw.com/project/41/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/http://www.rpbw.com/project/41/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/http://www.rpbw.com/project/41/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/http://www.rpbw.com/project/41/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/http://www.rpbw.com/project/41/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/http://www.rpbw.com/project/41/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/http://www.rpbw.com/project/41/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/http://www.rpbw.com/project/41/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/http://www.rpbw.com/project/41/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/http://www.rpbw.com/project/41/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/ -
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The design of the huts encourages an ingenious process called the
Venturi effect, to harness the prevailing sea winds for naturalventilation. The space between the two layers of slatted wooden facade
works like a convection chimney.
Towards the bottom of this facade, wide spaces between the slats allowwind to pass into and through the hut horizontally. This air movement
pushes warm air inside the building up into the gap between the facades,
from where it is drawn up the chimney and then is taken out.
The wooden facades also have adjustable louvers to respond to changes
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Flickr:Renzo Piano
Tjibaou cultural centre
http://www.fondazionerenzopiano.org/
project/85/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-
center/genesis/
Torrent laboratories Ahmedabad
http://www.fondazionerenzopiano.org/project/85/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/genesis/http://www.fondazionerenzopiano.org/project/85/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/genesis/http://www.fondazionerenzopiano.org/project/85/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/genesis/http://www.fondazionerenzopiano.org/project/85/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/genesis/http://www.fondazionerenzopiano.org/project/85/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/genesis/http://www.fondazionerenzopiano.org/project/85/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/genesis/http://www.fondazionerenzopiano.org/project/85/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/genesis/http://www.fondazionerenzopiano.org/project/85/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/genesis/http://www.fondazionerenzopiano.org/project/85/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/genesis/http://www.fondazionerenzopiano.org/project/85/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/genesis/http://www.fondazionerenzopiano.org/project/85/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/genesis/http://www.fondazionerenzopiano.org/project/85/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/genesis/http://www.fondazionerenzopiano.org/project/85/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center/genesis/ -
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Torrent laboratories, Ahmedabad This building uses a technology called Pdec-passive
down draft evaporative cooling
It is a research lab used for the pharma industryrequiring the cleanest atmosphere; however it emits
obnoxious gases.
This appears to be a contemporary adaptation of
vernacular techniques .
It is located in the hot dry zones. The fine water
spray at the entry point of the inlet towers cools the
air entering in. The outlet towers are located on
both sides of the external walls at regular intervals.
This arrangement helps to cool down the internal
spaces using minimal amount of mechanical aids like
fans and pumps.
This reduces the internal temperature and hence
the energy demands for space cooling.
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Source: Footprints e.a.r.t.h,
Yatin Pandya
Infrastructure: Gotthard tunnels under
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Infrastructure: Gotthard tunnels underthe Swiss Alps
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The tunnel
Source: nemetschek-all plans.eu
source:Speigel.de
The Gotthard Base Tunnel, 57 kms long, runs several
hundred feet under the Swiss Alps and has been one of
the most challenging infrastructure projects in the world.
The engineers had to give a guarantee that the concrete
tunnel lining would last for at least a 100 years. And
would also be more or less maintenance free.
It is a rail tunnel that will form
the lynchpin of a networkbetween northern and south
eastern Europe that could shift
truck freight onto rail and de-
congest the Alps in central
Switzerland when it opens torail traffic in 2017.
Sustainable aspects
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Sustainable aspects
Otherwise this kind of cost and effort in such a difficultterrain and climate, hundreds of feet under the overloadof the Alps was not justifiable.
This kind of value and durability and maintenance freelifecycle is another dimension of sustainability.Situations like this demand the use of high energymaterials and industrialized methods, hugemechanization and scales. The project has then to beseen from a lifecycle aspect and also aim for a lean
method of building, organizing and logistics. The huge quantities of rock debris derived by the TBM
cutting operations were send to be crushed to createaggregate for the shotcrete for the tunnel lining andhence waste was minimized and raw material createdon the site itself.
The water that came into tunnel was contaminated bythe construction operations; it was sent to a filtrationplant before being released back into the naturalenvironment. Recycling of water after filtration showedthe sensitiveness to the fragile zones of the Alps
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Source:Jens Clasen,
contrafedpublishing.co.nz
Tunnel drilling anddebris ,Source: stickboydaily.com
General strategies
-
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General strategies
Follow passive strategies like orientation, use of water bodies, massing
strategies, building envelope design etc. before adopting active ones.
Adopt a life cycle approach and consider this costing instead of initial
capital expenditure alone.
Go low on energy costs by getting maximum light and ventilation and
use renewable wherever practical
Reduce waterconsumption, recycle and harvest. Use local materials or even high energy ones if they add value to get
durable, maintenance free structures and incorporate waste wherever
possible. There is a large potential for use of industrial waste, flyash,
ground granulated blast furnace slag etc.
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General strategies
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General strategies
The city: It needs to be compactly planned with good public transport sothat people can work, play and live in more accessible and walk ablesettlement models. Transport and buildings contribute significantly tothe green house gas emissions and carbon footprint
Development model in Indian cities: Majority of the projects are beingdriven by developers; changing their mindsets that this is really anopportunity to optimize/add value and also makes economic sense as alot of green strategies are actually free(if they are implemented as
design strategies at conceptual stage itself) is the need of the hour. New tools available: Simulation tools and software at available at the
click of the mouse.
Government: Regulatory support in form of introduction of mandatorygreen measures and capacity building would also go a big way ingreening the environment.
These strategies will help us move into the future whiledrawing upon the rich legacy of the Vernacular.
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Bibiliography
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Bibiliography The Introduction of Modernism in India, Pankaj Vir Gupta
Footprints e.a.r.t.h . research, Yatin Pandya
Debashish Nayak, Indian heritage cities network conference, 2008
Understanding courtyard design, Smriti Saraswat
Websites:
www. wikipedia.org
www.rpbw.com
www.un.org http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgLHMN8iUWQ&list=PLEE5B036537BAF276
http://www.vastu-design.com/seminar/14a.php
http://arkistudentscorner.blogspot.in/2012/01/padmanabhapuram-palace.html
http://www.fondazionerenzopiano.org/project/85/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-
center/genesis
http://www.theatlanticcities.com/technology/2013/06/how-green-building-
standards-can-actually-change-peoples-behavior/5892/
http://inhabitat.com/worlds-greenest-skyscraper-pearl-river-tower-almost-complete/
http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/guangzhou/pearl-river-tower/
24/8/2013 SWATI CHOKSHI, M. ARCH,[email protected] 37
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8/13/2019 The journey of Sustainibility
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