Download - The Marine Habitat Ecosystems and Adaptations -Biological Oceanography – Mr. Hill – CHS 2015-2016
The Marine HabitatEcosystems and Adaptations
- Biological Oceanography –Mr. Hill – CHS 2015-2016
The diversity of marine life
The ocean is home to a wide variety of organisms
Marine organisms range from microscopic bacteria and algae to the largest animal in the world (blue whale)
Number of known marine species: 250,000
Classification of living things
Organisms can be classified into one of three domains of life:
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya Figure 12-1
Classification of living things
Classification of living thingsTaxonomic classification includes the following increasingly specific groupings:
DomainKingdomPhylum ClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
Taxonomic classification of selected organisms
Category Human Killer whale Giant kelp
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Protista
Phylum Chordata Chordata Phaeophyta
Subphylum Vertebrata Vertebrata
Class Mammalia Mammalia Phaeophycae
Order Primates Cetacea Laminariales
Family Hominidae Delphinidae Lessoniaceae
Genus Homo Orcinus Macrocystis
Species sapiens orca pyrifera
Distribution of Species on Earth
The land has more species because it has greater environmental variability than the ocean
Most ocean species are benthic because of greater environmental variability compared to pelagic environments Figure 12-6
Oceanic Biodiversity…Simplified
Single Cell: Prokaryotes, Achaea and Protists
Marine Plants and Algae
Invertebrate Animals
Vertebrate Animals
Divisions of the marine environment
Main divisions:
Pelagic (open sea)
Benthic (sea bottom)
Figure 12-19
Classification of marine organisms
Marine organisms can be classified into one of three groups based on habitat and mobility:
1. Plankton (floaters)Phytoplankton (drifting plants and algae)Zooplankton (drifting animals)
2. Nekton (swimmers)3. Benthos (bottom dwellers)
Plankton: Examples
Figure 12-2
Phytoplankton Zooplankton
Nekton: Examples
Figure 12-4
Benthos: Examples
Figure 12-5
Life cycle of a squid – gray area…Squid experience benthic, planktonic, and nektonic stages
Squid are considered meroplankton
(opposite = holoplankton)
Figure 12-3
Divisions of the marine environment
Main divisions:
Pelagic (open sea)
Benthic (sea bottom)
Figure 12-19
Marine EcosystemsEcosystems are divided by zones based on water depth and shoreline features.
The oceanic (PELAGIC) zone is the vast open part of the ocean where animals such as whales, sharks, and tuna live.
The BENTHIC zone consists of substrates below water where many invertebrates live.
Marine Ecosystems continued…
Other near-shore (NERITIC) zone can include estuaries, salt marshes, coral reefs, lagoons and mangrove swamps.
The intertidal (LITTORAL) zone is the area between high and low tides.
In the deep water, hydrothermal vents may occur where chemosynthetic sulfur bacteria form the base of the food web
Adaptations of organisms to the marine environment
The marine environment presents many challenges to organisms because seawater:
Is dense enough to support organismsHas high viscosityExperiences variations in temperature and salinityContains variable amounts of dissolved gasesHas high transparencyHas a dramatic change of pressure with depth
Marine organisms have various adaptations for the conditions of the marine environment
Need for physical support
Condition:Seawater is dense enough to support marine organisms
Adaptations:Many marine organisms lack rigid skeletons, appendages, or vast root systemsInstead, they rely on buoyancy and friction to maintain their position within the water column
Seawater’s viscosity controlled by temperature
Condition:Seawater’s viscosity (resistance to flow) is strongly affected by temperature
Cold water has higher viscosity than warm water, so is more difficult to swim through
Warm water has lower viscosity, so organisms tend to sink within the water column
Seawater’s viscosity controlled by temperature
Adaptations:Many warm-water organisms have ornate appendages to say afloatMany cold-water organisms are streamlined to swim more easily Figure 12-7
Warm-water copepod
Cold-water copepod
Seawater’s viscosity and adaptations of phytoplanktonCondition:
Phytoplankton must remain in sunlit surface waters
Adaptations:Small size increases surface area to volume ratio
Appendages increase frictional resistance
Tiny droplet of low density oil increases buoyancy
Figure 12-8
Variations in temperature
Condition:Coastal water temperatures vary more than the open ocean or at depth
Adaptations:Many coastal organisms can withstand a wide temperature range (are eurythermal)Most open ocean and deep-water organisms can withstand only a small temperature range (are stenothermal)
Variations in salinity
Condition:Coastal environments experience greater salinity variation than the open ocean or at depth
Adaptations:Many shallow-water coastal organisms can withstand a wide salinity range (are euryhaline)
Most open ocean and deep-water organisms can withstand only a small change in salinity (are stenohaline)
Osmosis
Condition:Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from higher to lower concentrationsOsmosis removes water from hypotonic organismsOsmosis adds water to hypertonic organisms Figure 12-13
OsmosisAdaptations:
Figure 12-14
Dissolved gases: Oxygen
Condition:Marine animals need oxygen to survive
Adaptations:Many marine animals use gills to extract dissolved oxygen from seawaterMarine mammals must breathe air
Figure 12-15
Abundance of dissolved oxygen and nutrients with depth
Figure 12-20
Seawater’s high transparency
Condition:Seawater has high transparency
Adaptations:Transparency
Camouflage
Countershading
Migration (DSL)Figure 12-17
Camouflage
Countershading
The deep scattering layer (DSL)
Organisms within the deep scattering layer undertake a daily migration to hide in deep, darker waters during daytime Figure 12B
Increase of pressure with depth
Condition:Pressure increases rapidly with depth
Adaptations:Most marine organisms lack large compressible air pockets inside their bodiesWater-filled bodies exert the same amount of pressure as is pushing inward, so marine organisms do not feel the high pressure at depth