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The Microbial WorldChapters 5, 15
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The Marine Environment
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Plankton Collection
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Plankton Classification
• Megaplankton 20-200 cm
• Macroplankton 2-20 cm
• Mesoplankton 0.2-20 mm
• Microplankton 20-200 μm
• Nanoplankton 2-20 μm
• Picoplankton 0.2-2 μm
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Metabolism
• Metabolism- all chemical reactions that occur in an organism.
• Autotrophic- requiring carbon dioxide and a source of energy for the synthesis of organic molecules (glucose).– Photoautotrophs- absorb light energy from the sun.
– Chemoautotrophs- derive energy from chemical compounds.
• Heterotrophic- requiring complex organic compounds; obtains energy by consuming organic matter.
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Bacteria and Archaea
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Photosynthetic Prokaryotes
• Kingdom- Bacteria– Phylum- Cyanophyta
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Cyanophyta
• Characteristics
• Examples- Oscillatoria, Synechococcus, Synechocystis.
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Cyanobacterial Cell
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Cyanophyta- Gram Negative Bacteria
• Gram positive- peptidoglycan layer; stains with crystal violet.
• Gram negative- peptidoglycan layer sandwiched by lipopolysaccharide and protein layers; does not stain with crystal violet.
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Global O2 from photosynthesis
• 80% comes from marine cyanobacteria.– Synechococcus– Synechocystis
• 20% comes from terrestrial systems.– 5% of this comes from tropical rainforests.
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Stromatolites
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Archaea
• Prokaryotic
• Extremophiles– Hydrothermal vents– Hypersaline basins– Highly acidic env.– Highly alkaline env.
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Photosynthetic Protista (the algae)
• Dinophyta- dinoflagellates.
• Haptophyta- haptophytes.
• Heterokontophyta- heterokont algae.– Xanthophyceae- yellow-
green algae.– Bacillariophyceae-
diatoms.
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Dinophyta- dinoflagellates
• Characteristics
• Examples- Ceratium, Pfiesteria.
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Pfiesteria piscicida
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Haptophyta- haptophytes
• Characteristics
• Examples- Prymnesium, Phaeocystis.
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Heterokontophyta- heterokonts
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Xanthophyceae- yellow-green algae
• Characteristics
• Examples- Vaucheria.
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Bacillariophyceae- diatoms
• Characteristics
• Examples- Coscinodiscus, Chaetoceros.
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Frustule Morphology
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The Protozoans
• Granuloreticulosa- foraminiferans.
• Polycystina- radiolarians.
• Ciliophora- ciliates.
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Granuloreticulosa- foraminiferans
• Characteristics
• Example- Globigerina.
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Pink Beaches of Bermuda
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Polycystina- radiolarians
• Characteristics
• Example- Hexacontium.
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Various Radiolarians
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Ciliophora- ciliates
• Characteristics
• Examples- Strombilidium, Tintinnopsis.
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Fig. 5.14
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Kingdom Fungi
• Characteristics
• Example- Aspergillus.
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