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THE MIDDLE AGESOutcome: Church Reform & The

Crusades

Church Reform & The Crusades

1. Age of Faitha. Between 500-1000 Europe was a dark ageb. Around the 900s, a new spirit invaded the church and brought about

a spiritual revival in the clergy


c. Problems in the Churchi. Village priests were married and had families ---> against

Church rulingsii. Bishops sold positions in the Church, this was called simonyiii. Kings used lay investiture


d. Reform i. Popes Leo IX and Gregory VII enforced Church laws against

simony and marriage

ii. Papal Curia (pope’s advisers) acted as a court1. Developed canon law on matters such as marriage,

divorce, and inheritance2. Decided cases based on canon law

iii. Church used taxes to pay for the sick and poor- most hospitals in Europe

Church Reform & The Crusades Result: The Age of Faith helped push the Church closer to an

empire rather than being simply a religious order. Wars of conquest were inspired which would give way to the violent holy wars known as the Crusades.


2. The Crusadesa. What is a crusade?

i. A holy war involving the journey of thousands of Europeans to reclaim the holy land of Jerusalem in the name of Christianity

ii. In all, there were 8 or 9 Crusades (depending on your source)

Church Reform & The Crusadesb. Why crusade? Social, Economic, Spiritual, & Political

reasonsi. Pope Urban II called for a holy war against Muslims controlling

holy landsii. Social: Opportunity to get knights to stop fighting each

other and fight a new foe. These knights threatened peace in Europe.

Church Reform & The Crusadesb. Why crusade? Social, Economic, Spiritual, &

Political reasonsiii. Economic: Younger sons who did not stand to inherit father’s

property were looking for wealth and adventureiv. Economic: Merchants supplied loans to finance the journey

Church Reform & The Crusadesb. Why crusade? Social, Economic, Spiritual, & Political

reasonsv. Political: A chance for the pope to gain territory instead of

Byzantine rivalvi. Spiritual: Kill Muslims = ticket to heaven (Christian

contradiction)


c. When were the Crusades?i. Starts in 1093 and lasts for nearly 300 years

Church Reform & The Crusades3. What happened:

a. First and Second Crusadei. Urban’s call brought tremendous support for the

Crusadeii. Those who died on Crusade were assured a place in

heaveniii. “God wills it!” was the battle cryiv. 3,000 mile journey from Europe to Jerusalemv. Eventually, 12,000 approached Jerusalem and besieged it for a

monthvi. On July 15, 1099, the Christians captured the city

Church Reform & The Crusadesa. First and Second Crusade

vii. The Second Crusade was organized to recapture the city of Edessa

viii. In 1187, Europeans were shocked to learn that Saladin and the Muslims had captured Jerusalem again

The Second Crusade


b. The Third Crusadei. Led by 3 of Europe’s most powerful monarchs

1. Philip II of France – went home2. German Emperor Frederick – drowned on journey


b. The Third Crusade3. English King Richard the Lion-Hearteda. Fought many battles against Saladin b. Agreed to a truce with Saladin in 1192

i. Jerusalem stayed under Muslim controlii. Saladin promised unarmed Christians could freely

visit the city’s holy places


c. Other attemptsi. 4th Crusade failed to recapture Jerusalemii. In the 1200s, four more Crusades were also

unsuccessfuliii. The Children’s Crusade


4. Effects of the Crusadesa. Example of Church powerb. Trade was expanded between Europe and Southwest Asiac. Failure of later crusades lessened the power of the poped. The Crusades weakened the power of the feudal nobility e. Increased power of kingsf. Thousands of knights and other participants lost their livesg. Began a legacy of bitterness and hatred of Christians for the Muslimsh. Persecution of Jewsi. Those who survived brought back culture to Europe

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