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CONTENTS.
ANCIENT
NUMISMATICS.
PAGE
Hill
(George
F.).
Greek oins
cquired
y
the
British
Museumn
1920
Plates
V,
Y)
.
.
161
Mattingly
(Harold).-
The
Mints
f
Vespasian
Plates
VI-VII)
187
A
Find f
Roman
enarii t
Nuneaton
.
.
145
Milne
J.Grafton).
A
silver rachma f
Smyrna
Plate
III, fig. )
148
Robinson
E.
S.
G.).
Greek
oins
rom
he
Dardanelles
(Plate
)
.
1
Aspeisas,
atrap
f
Susiana
Plate
II,
fig.
)
.
37
Rogers
Rev.
dgar).-
Some
New
Seleucid
opper ypes
(Plate
I)
26
Sandars
(Horace).
Notes
n
a Hoard f
Roman
enarii
found
n
theSierra
Morena
n
the outh
f
pain
.
179
Webb
(Percy
H.).-
Thud-Century
oman
Mints
and
Marks 226
MEDIAEVAL
AND
MODERN
NUMISMATICS.
Barnard
(F.
P).-
SomeUnrecorded
okens
.
. .
152
Bern
ys
(Edouard).-
A
Rare
Penny
truck
bout
1346
at
Arlon
Belgium)
n
he
eign
f
John he
Blind,
ing
of
Bohemia
nd Count
f
Luxemburg
1309-46)
y
the
Provost rnouldfArlon 126
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XIII.
THE MINTS OF VESPASIAN.
[See
Plates
VI,
VII.]
This
paper
is
the
natural
continuation
of
a
study
of
the
coinages
of
the
Civil
Wars
of
a.
d.
68-69,
published
in
the
Numismatic
Chronicle for
1914.
Like
many
enterprises
of
far
greater
importance
it
has been
delayed years
long
by
the
War.
I
can
only
hope
that
the
delay
will
bring
with
it
some
compensating gain
in the form f betterconsidered and tested udgements
than
I
could
have offered
even
years
ago.
The
reign
of
Vespasian
marks
the
end
of the
first
period
of the
Empire
and the
beginning
of
a
new
age,
and
this fact we find
reflected s
soon
as
we
enter
on
the closer
study
of
the
coinage.
Vespasian
does
away
with the
confusions of the
Civil
Wars,
brings
the
coinage
into
the channels
in
which it
was to
run
for
more than a
century,
and
indicates clearly that he
fully
realizes the
part
assigned
to
him
in
history
of
second
founder of
the
Roman
Empire.
Into all the
problems
of
his
extensive
coinage
I
cannot for
the
moment
enter.
My
main
objects
are
to determine the
places
of
mintage
and,
to some
extent,
he
chronology
of
his
coins.
I
have tried
to
quote
only
coins
which
1
Some
nteresting
nformation
ill
be
found
n
B. Pick's
articles,ntitledZurTitulaturerFlavier",n ZeitschriftürNumismatik1885, 886.
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188
H.
MATTINGLY.
I
have
been able
to
examine
personally
(either
in
the
British Museum
or
in
other
collections)
or
which
have
been
published
and
illustrated
with
such
scientific
accuracy
as
to
exclude
any
danger
of serious
error.
What is lost
in
breadth
by
this
method
will,
I
trust,
be
compensated by
increased
accuracy.
The
misfor-
tune is that our chief handbook, Cohen, sometimes
falls
short of
the
minimum
standard
that must be
required.
I
will
first
deal with
the mints in succession
and
then
conclude with
a discussion
of the
results
obtained.
I.
Mint
of
Rome.
U9
iR
(for
M,
see
below).
M,
M.
The
earliest aurei and denarii
of this
mint
may
be
readily recognized
by
a
comparison
with
the
Roman
issues
of
Vitellius. The
first
portrait
of
Vespasian,
in
fact,
s
virtually
that
of
his
predecessor
this
gives
way
to one
more
characteristic
of
Ves-
pasian
himself,
but it is
not
till
about
a.d.
72 that
we
find
what we
may
call
the
normal
type
of
portrait.
The
legends
of
both obverse
and reverse
read
from
1. to r., inwardly, fromA.D. 69-73; from r. to 1.
outwardly
from
a.D.
73-75
;
in
a.d. 76
the direction
1.
to r.
is
restored
for the
reverse,
while the direction
r.
to
1.
is
retained
for
the
obverse.
The
portraits
of
Titus and
Domitian,
who share
with their
father
he
right
of
coinage,
invariably
face
r. that
of
Vespasian
is
usually
r.,
though
from a.d.
75
to the
end
of the
reign
a
portrait
facing
1.
alternates with
it.
Whilst
the
actual
portrait
of the
Emperor
varies,
the
general
style of the mint,especially in the lettering,remains
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THE
MINTS OF VESPASIAN.
189
singularly
uniform
and enables us
as a rule without
much
difficulty
o
detect its
issues.
[Pl.
VI.
1-9.]
I
append
a
conspectus
of
the issues of
this
mint,
which,
though
far
from
complete,
will
give
a
general
idea of
its
working
Vespasian.
I. Obv. Head laureate r. IMP CAESAR VESPA-
SIAN VS
AVO
(1.
to
r.).
Dec.
a.d. 69-end
of
70
(?).
1.
¿ta;.-
CAESAR AVC
F COS
CAESAR
AVC
F
PR
Heads
of
Titus
and
Domitian
facing
one
another.
N
,
JR.
2.
COS
ITER FORT
RED
Fortuna
standing
1.,
holding
ornucopiae
nd
rudder. JR.
3.
COS
ITER
TR POT
Aequitas
standing
.,
holding
scales and
rod.
N,
iR.
4. COS ITER TR POT Marsadvancingr.,carrying
spear
nd
trophy.
N,
iR.
5.
COS
ITER
TR POT
Neptune tanding
.,
holding
trident
nd acrostolium. JR.
6.
COS
ITER
TR
POT
Pax
standing
.,
holding-
branch
nd
caduceus.
Af,
R.
7.
COS
ITER
TR
POT
Pax seated
1.,
&c.
as above).
AT,
JR.
8.
IVDAEA
Judaea
seated
r. on
ground,
mourning:
behind
her,
trophy.
N,
Ai.
9. TITVS ET DOMITIANVS CAESARES PRIN
I VEN
Titus and
Domitian
seated
1.,
holding
branches.
JR.
Probably
to this
mint and
to this
period
of
the
mint
belong
the
denarii
10. Obv.
Emperor
n
Quadriga
.
IMP
CAESAR
Rev.
Victory
n
prow.
VESP
AVG
11. Obv
Bust
of
Sol,
radiate,
raped, acing.
Rev
Vespasian
standing
.,
holding
pear
n
1.
hand
and raising . in act of address. VESPAS IA-
NVS
[Pi.
vi. io.
]
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190
H.
MATTINGLY.
The
former s an
oDvious
adaptation
of the denarius
of
Augustus,
with
legend
CAESAR
DIVI F
or
IMP
CAESAR
(cf.
Grueber,
B
M.
Cat.
of
Rep
Coins
ii,
pp.
12
ff.)
the
latter
borrows its
obverse
from
a
denarius
of L.
Mussidius
Longus,
moneyer
c.
39
b.c.
(cf.
Grueber,
op
cit.,
.
578),
its
reverse
from
denarius
of Augustus (Grueber, op. cit, ii. p. 9). For the
significance
of these
imitations see
below.
11.
Obv
Head
laureate
.
IMP
CAES
VESP
AVO
PM
(1.
to
r.).
a.D.
71.
12. Rev.
AVCVR PON
MAX
Sacrificial
imple-
ments.
JR.
13.
AVCVR
TRI
POT
Sacrificial
mplements.
JR.
14.
PON
MAX
Vesta
seated
.,
holding
impulum.
JR.
15. TRI POT Vestaseated1.,holding impulum. JR.
16.
TRI
POT
II
COS III
PP
Pax
seated
1.,
holding
branch nd
caduceus.
N
,
JR.
17. VIC
AVC
Victory
tanding
. on
globe,
holding
wreath.
N.
III.
Obv.
Head
laureate
. IMP
CAES
VESP
AVC PM
COS INI
(1.
to
r.).
a.D.
72-
73
(June
0).
18.
Rev. AVCVR TRI
POT
Sacrificial
imple-
ments.
JR.
19.
CONCORDIA
AVCVSTI
Concordia
seated
1.,
holdingpateraand cornucopiae.JR.
20.
IMP
Quadriga
o
r.
N.
21.
I
VDAEA
Judaea
eated
r.
(as
above).
JR
plated.
22.
Rev.
NEP
RED
Neptune
tanding
.,
holding
rident
and
acrostolium.
N.
23.
TRI
POT
Vesta
seated
1.,
holding
impulum.
JR.
24.
VEST
A
Vesta
standing
.,
holding
impulum.
JR.
25.
VIC
AVC
Victory
tanding
r.
on
globe,
holding
wreath.
N.
26. VICTORIA AVCVSTI Victory tanding .,crown-
ing
trophy.
JR.
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THE MINTS
OF
VESPASIAN.
191
27. No
legend.
Warrior
standing
.,
palm-tree,
udaea
seated
r., mourning.
N.
28.
No
legend.
Quadriga
o r.
N.
IV.
Obv.
Head laureate
r.
IMP
CAES
VESP
A
VC
PM
COS
IMI CEN
(l.tor.).
a.
d. 73
(July
0).
29.
Bev.
FIDES
PVBL
Clasped
hands,
holding
adu-
ceus,corn-ears,ndpoppies. M.
30.
PAX
AVC
Pax
standing
1.,
leaning
on
cippus,
holding
branch
n
1.
hand and
caduceus
over
tripod
n r.
U.
31.
SALVS
AVC
Salus
seated
1.,
holding
atera.
M.
32.
VEST
A Round
temple.
N.
i
V.
Obv.
Head
laureate
r.
IMP CAES
VESP
AVC,
CEN
(1.
to
r.).
J
VI.
Obv
Head
laureate
r.
IMP
CAES
VESP
AVC
CEN (r.to1.).
VII.
Obv.
Head
laureate
r.
IMP CAES VESP
AVC
'
CENS
(r. toi.),
a.d.
73-74.
33. Rev.-
PAX
AVC
Pax
standing
.
as above).
N.
34.
PONTIF
MAXIM
Emperor
eated .
holding
ranch
and
sceptre.
iH.
35.
SALVS
AVC
Salus
seated
1.,
holding atera.
JR.
36.
SPQR
in oak-
reath.
M.
37.
VEST
A Round
temple.
N.
VIII.
Obv
Head
laureate
r.
IMP CAES
VESP
AVG
PM
COS
V
CENS
(r.
to
1.).
a.d. 74.
38. Bev
VICTORIA
AVCVSTI
Victory
flying
.,
holding
wreath
nd
branch. JR.
Q.
39.
VICTORIA
AVCVSTI
Victory
eated
1.,
holding
wreath
nd
branch.
JR.
Q.
IX.
Obv.
Head
laureate
.
IMP CAESAR VESP
AVC
(rarely
A VC
VST)
(r.
to
1.).
a.d.
74.
40. Bev.
A VC
VR
TRI
POT Sacrificial
mplements.
R.
41. COS V Laurelbranches. JR.
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192
H.
MATTINGLY.
42.
PONT
MAX
TR
P
COS
V
Emperor
seated
r.,
holding
ranch
nd
sceptre.
JR.
43. PONT
MAX TR
P
COS
V
Winged
caduceus.
JR.
44. PONTI F
MAXIM
Winged
caduceus.
M.
45.
Capricorns,
lobe
nd
shield
nscribed
C
JR.
X. Obv
-
Head laureate r. (occasionally .). IMP CAE-SAR VESPASIANVS AVO
(r.
to
1.).
Before
end
of
a. d. 75
to end
of
reign.
46. Rev.
AETERNITAS
Aeternitas
tanding
.,
holding
busts
of
un
and moon.
N.
47.
COS VI
Mars
standing, olding
pear
and
flag.
JR.
48. COS VI
Bull
butting
.
N.
49. COS VI
Capricorn
nd
globe.
JR.
50.
COS
VII
Cow
walking or
standing)
.
N,
JR.
51.
COS
VII
Eagle
on
cippus.
JR.
52.
COS
VIII
Mars
standing
as
above).
JR.
53.
COS
VIII
Victory
rowning
mperor.
N,
JR.
54. COS VIII
Yoke
of
oxen 1.
JR.
55.
COS
VIII
Star
above
prow.
JR.
56.
FORTVNA
AVCVSTI
Fortune
standing
1.
on
altar,
holding
ornucopiae
nd
rudder.
N.
57. IMP X
1
Bull
butting
.
N,
^Et.
58.
IOVIS
CVSTOS
Jupiter
tanding
1.,
holding
sceptre
nd
patera
at
his
feet,
ltar.
JR.
59. PAX
AVC
VST
Pax
seated
1.,
holding
ranch
and
sceptre.
N.
60.
PONT
MAX TR P
COS
V
Winged
caduceus.
JR
61.
PONT MAX
TR P
COS
V
Emperor
eated
r.,
holding
branch
nd
sceptre.
JR.
62. PONT MAX TR
P
COS
VI
Pax
seated
1.,
&c.
A'.
63.
PONT
MAX
TR P
COS VI
Victory
tanding
n
cista,
between
wo
serpents. A/,
M.
64.
PONT MAX
TR
P
COS VI
Securitas eated1.,r.handabovehead. JR.
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THE
MINTS
OF
VESPASIAN, 193
65.
PONT
MAX TR
P
COS
VI
Victory
tanding
.
on
prow,holding
wreath.
JR.
66. TR
P
X COS Villi
Ceres
seated
1.,
holding
orn-
ears and
torch.
N,
67.
TR P
X
COS Villi
Victory
tanding
1.,
erecting
trophy.
N,
^R.
68.
TR
P
X COS Villi
Capricorn
nd
globe.
JR.
69. TR P X COS Villi Statue on rostralolumn.zH.
70.
VICTORIA
AVCVSTI
Victory
eated
L,
holding
wreath nd
palm.
N.
Q.
71. VICTORIA AVCVSTI
Victory
seated
1.,
&c.
JR.
Q.
72.
VICTORIA AVCVSTI
Victory
flying
r.,
&c.
JR.
Q.
(Both
he ast
withVESPASIAN
not VESPASIAN VS
on
obv.)2
XI. Obv Head laureate . (and1.). CAESAR VESPA-
SIANVS
AVC
3
(r.
to
1.).
a.D.
78-79
(?).
73.
Bev.-
ANNONA AVC Annona seated
1.,
holding
basket
f fruit.
AT,
JR.
74.
CERES
A VC VST Ceres
tanding
.,
holding
orn-
ears and torch.
N,
M.
75.
IMP
XIX
Sow
and little
pigs,
1.
JR.
76.
IMP
XIX
Modicus nd
corn-ears. J3.
77.
IMP XIX
Goatherd
milking he-goat.
JR.
Titus.
I.
Obv
Head
laureate
.
T
CAES
IMP
VESP
PON
TR
POT
(1.
to
r.). July
1,
a.
D.
71-June
30,
A.D.
73.
2
This bverse
elongs
o
this
eriod, erhaps
o
the
beginning
of
t
(cf.
Titus)
so
far
s
I
know,
t
occurs
nly
n
quinarii.
3
The
omission
f
praenomen
MP
is curious. The
reason,
I
think,
s
that
the obverse
s
properly
esigned
o
go
with
he
reverse
MP XIX,
when
MP, occurring
s a
cognomen,
as
notneededsa praenomen.
NUMISM.
HRON.,
OL.
,
SERIES
.
Q
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194
H.
MATTINGLY.
1.
Rev.
NEP RED
Neptune
standing 1.,
holding
trident
nd
acrostolium.
JR.
2.
VIC
AVO
Victory
tanding
r. on
globe,
holding
wreath,
tf.
3.
No
legend.
Warrior
standing
r.,
palm-tree,
udaea
seated
r.
mourning.
N,
JEl.
4.
No
legend. Quadriga,
. tf.
II.
Obv.
Head laureate .
T
CAES IMP VESP PON
TR
POT CENS
(1.
to
r.).
III.
Head
laureate .
T
CAES IMP
VESP
TR P CENS
(1.
to
r.).
IV. Head
laureater.
T
CAES IMP
VESP
TR
P
CENS
(r.
to
1.).
V.
Head
laureate
r. T
CAES
IMP
VESP
CENS
(r.
to
1.).
VI.
Head
laureate
r.
T
CAES IMP
VESP
CEN
(r. tol.).
i
July
1st a. d.
73-74.
5.
Rev PAX
AVG Pax
standing
.,
eaning
n
cippus,
&c.
tf.
6.
PONTI
F TR POT
Titus
seated
1.,
holding
ceptre
and
branch.
N,
A.
7.
VESTA Round
temple,
tf.
8.
VICTORIA AVGVSTI
Victory
lying
.,
&c.
JR.
Q.
9.
VICTORIA
AVGVSTI
Victory
eated
.,
&c. JR.
Q.
10.
No
legend. Quadriga
to
r.
tf.
VII.
Obv.
Head
laureate
r.
T
CAESAR
IMP
VESP
(r.
to
1.).
a. d.
74.
11.
Rev.
PONTIF TR
POT
Fortuna
tanding
. on
altar,
&c.
tf
12.
PONTIF
TR P
COS
III
Winged
caduceus.
M.
VIII. Obv.
Head
laureate
. T
CAESAR IMP
VESPA-
SIAN
A.D.
74.
13. Rev. AETERNITAS Aeternitastanding.,&c. tf.
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THE
MINTS
OF
VESPASIAN.
195
14.
COS
IMI
Bull
butting
.
AT,
JR.
15. COS
V
Cow
standing
.
N,
JR.
16.
COS V
Cow
standing
.
JJ.
17.
COS
V
Eagle
on
cippus.
JR
18.
IMP VIII
Bull
butting
.
N.
19. PAX AVGVST Pax seated1.,holdingbranch nd
sceptre.
N.
20.
PONTIF TR
P
COS
1
Titus
seated
r.
holding
sceptre
nd
branch.
JR.
21.
PONTIF
TR
P
COS
IMI
Pax seated
1.,
&c.
JR.
22.
PONTIF
TR
P COS IMI
Victory
standing
on
cippus
between
wo
serpents.
N.
23.
PONTIF
TR POT
Fortuna
standing
on
altar,
&c.
N.
24. VICTORIA AVGVSTI Victory flyingr., &c.
JR.
Q.
25.
VICTORIA
AVGVSTI
Victory
seated
1.,
&c.
JR.
Q.
IX.
Obv.
Head laureate
r.
T CAESAR
IMP VESPA-
SIAN
VS
(r.
to
1.).
Before
nd of a.d. 74-79.
26.
Rev.
COS
V
Cow
standing
.
N.
27.
COS
VI
Mars
standing, olding
pear
nd
trophy.
N,
£1.
28. COS VI Homeseated
r.,
with
agles,
tf,
JR.
29.
COS
VI
Yoke
of
oxen
1. JR.
80. COS VI
Star
and
prow.
JR.
31. IOVIS CVSTOS
Jupiter
tanding
.,
holding
ceptre
and
patera.
JR.
32.
TR POT
VIII
COS VII
Venus
standing
.,
ean-
ing
on
cippus,
&c.
JR.
33 TR
POT
VIII
COS VII
Quadriga
oi.
AL
34. TR POT VIII COS VII Captive nd trophy.JR.
o
2
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196
H. MATTINGLY.
X.
Obv.
Head laureater.
T CAESAR
VESPASIA-
NVS
(r.
to
1.).
a.D. 78-79
?)>
35. Be».-
ANNONA
AVG Annona
seated
1.,
&c.
tf,
M.
36.
CERES AVCVST
Ceres
tanding
.,
&c.
JR.
37.
IMP XIII
Sow and little
pigs
1. JR.
38. IMP XIII Goatherdmilking he-goat. JR.
Domitian.
I.
Obv.
Head bare
r.
CAES
AVG
F
DOMITIAN
COS
II
(1. tor.).
-
II. Head
barer.
CAES
AVG
F
DOMIT
COS II
(1.
or.).
III.
Head barer.
CAES
AVG
F
DOMIT COS
II
(r. toi.).
A.D. 73.
1.
Rev.
VEST
A
Round
temple,
tf
2. No legend. Domitian iding . tf, JR-.
IV.
06v.
Head
bare r.
CAES
AVG
F
DOMIT
COS
III
(r.
to
1.).
a.D. 74.
3.
Rev.
PRINCEPS IVVENTVTIS
Spes
advancing
1.,
&c.
tf,
Ä
4.
VICTORIA
AVGVSTI
Victory lying
.,
&c.
JR.
Q.
5.
VICTORIA
AVGVSTI
Victory
eated
.,
&c. JR.
Q.
V.
Obv.
Head
bare
r.
CAESAR
AVG F
DOMIT IA-
NVS (r.toi.) a.D. 74-79.
6.
ite*;.-
CERES
AVGVST
Ceres
tanding
. &c.
M.
7. COS
IUI
Cornucopiae.
N.
8.
COS
V
She-wolf
nd
twins.
N,
iR.
9. COS
V
Captive
neeling
nd
restoring
tandards, f.
10. COS
V.
Warrior
n
horseback .
JR.
11.
VICTORIA
AVGVST
Victory
lying
.,
&c. M.
Q.
12.
VICTORIA
AVGVST
Victory
eated. .,
c.
JR.
Q.
3aForomissionf IMP, cp.above, .1 3note .
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THE MINTS OF
VESPASIAN.
197
VI.
Obv
Head
bare r.
CAESAR
A
VC
F
DOM
ITI
A-
NVS
COS
VI
a.D. 79.
K,
JR.
18.
Rev
PRINCEPS
IVVENTVTIS
Salus
standing
r., eaning
on
cippus,
eeding
nake.
A7,
JR.
14.
PRINCEPS
IVVENTVTIS
Vesta eated
.,
holding
sceptre
nd
Palladium.
N,
iR.
15. PRINCEPS IVVENTVTIS Claspedhandsholding
eagle,
set on
prow.
N,
JR.
One
feature
of
this series of reverse
types
which
deserves
special
attention
is
the
frequent
occurrence
of
types,
either
directly
copied
or
else
adapted
from
types
of
Augustus
and his
period.4
LafFranchi,
n
an
interesting
article
5
has
already
discussed
this
point
and
explained
its
significance.
Vespasian
deliberately
directs
public
notice
to the fact
that
he desires
to
be
regarded
as the successor of
Augustus,
the second
founder
of the
Empire.
The
Centenary
of the
battle
of Actium
probably suggested
the
inauguration
of
the
series
but,
once
started,
he idea was
developed
and
extended
far
beyond
this immediate
aim.
Mint
oj
Rome.
JE.
The
"
Aes"
coinage
of
Vespasian
was
struck
mainly
at the mint of Rome, the only othermintto issue on
a
considerable
scale
being Lugdunum.
The
Lugdunum
issues
can
be
distinguished
by
their likeness
(a)
to
the
gold
and silver
of
that
mint,
(
b to
the
Lugdunum
"
Aes
"
of Nero.
The
Roman issues
preserve
the
traditional
style
of
the Senatorial
mint. For the sake'
4
Cf. for
xample,
he
butting
ull,
he
capricorn
nd
globe,
the
yoke
f
oxen,
he
aptive
ith
tandard,
c.
cf. oo
the
ltar
andthe agleonAsses f hereign.5 InRiv. tal.diNum., 911, p.427 f.
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198 H. MATTINGLY.
of
brevity,
I shall
give only
a
rough
list
of the
obverse titles
employed
and
a series of
portraits.
The
coinage
of the
years
A.D.
70-71, however,
offers ome
special
difficulties,
nd it will therefore eceive a
fuller
treatment ater
(see below).
Vespasian.
Obverse
egends.
IMP
CAES VESPASIAN
AVO
P
M TR
P PP
COS
II
A.D.
70.
IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN
AVC PM TR P
PP
COSMI A.D. 71.
IMP CAES VESPAS
AVC
PM
TR P
PP
COS III
A.D.
71.
IMP CAES VESPAS
AVC
PM
TR P
PP
COS llll
A.D. 72.
IMP CAES
VESP AVC PM
TR P
PP
COS
llll
CENS
a.D. 73-74
(July
1).
IMP CAES
VESP
AVC
PM
T P
COS
V
CENS
A.D.
74.
IMP CAESAR VESP
AVC
COS V
CENS
A.D. 74.
IMP CAES VESP
AVC PM
T
P
COS VI
A.D.
75.
IMP CAES
VESPASIAN
AVC
P
M
TR
P
PP
COS VII
A.D. 76.
IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVC PM TR P PP
COS
VIII
A.D.
77-78.
Titus.
Obverse
egends.
T
CAES
VESPASIAN
IMP
PON
TR
POT
COS II
a.d. 72
(-June
80).
T
CAESAR
VESPASIAN
IMP III
PON TR
POT II
COS II
A.D. 72
(July
)-73
(June
0).
T
CAESAR
VESPASIAN
IMP
llll
PON
TR
POT
II COS II A.D.72 ( ? )-73 (June30).
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THE MINTS OF
VESPASIAN.
199
T
CAESAR
VESPASIAN IMP
Nil
PON TR
POT
III
COS II
a.D.
73
(July
1-).
T
CAES VESP IMP
PON
TR
POT COS II CENS
a.D.
73
(July
1
-).
T
CAES IMP
PON TR P COS
II CENS A.D. 73
(July
-).
T CAES IMP PON TR P COS III CENS A.D. 74.
T
CAESAR
IMP COS
III
CENS
A.D.
74.
T
CAESAR IMP COS
V
A.D.
76.
T
CAES IMP
AVO
F
TR
P COS VI
CENSOR
a.D.
77-79.
The shorter
legends
are,
in some
cases,
found
only
on
dupondii
and
asses,
not on sestertii.
Domitian.
Obverse
egends.
.CAESAR
AVC
F
DOMITIANVS
COS DES
II.
a.d.
72.
CAESAR
AVC F DOMITIANVS COS III
A.D.
74.
CAESAR AVC
F
DOMITIANVS COS
Mil
a.d.
75.
CAESAR AVC
F
DOMITIANVS
COS
V
A.D. 77.
CAESAR
AVC F DOMITIANVS
COS
VI
A.D.
77-
79.
(On dupondii
and asses the shortform DOMITIAN
is
used.)
The
legends,
obverse
and
reverse,
normally
read
1. to
r.,
etters
outwards
the direction
r.
to
1. is
found,
but
only very
rarely
on
the obverse
of
coins with
the
head of
Vespasian
to
1. This
portrait
lternates
with
the
portrait
r.
in the last
few
years
of
the
reign.
The
portraits
of Titus
and Domitian
invariably
face
r.
(For sequence ofportraits ee Plates.)
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200 H.
MATTINGLY.
II. Mint
of Lugdunum
tf,
My
JE.
tf,
iE.
The mint
of
Lugduiium
strack
for
Vespasian
in
the
distinctive
style, already
observed
for
Galba
and
Vitellius,
from
a.D. 69-73.6
Its issues
were,
especially
in
gold, considerably
larger
than those
of
any
of
the
other
provincial
mints,
and it
clearly
retained
something
of ts old
dignity
and
importance.7
But
in
a.D. 73
it
appears
to have
been
closed,
not
to
be
reopened
until the time of
Albinus
(see
below)
;
its
distinctive
style disappears
from he
coinage
and
there
is
no sufficient
vidence
to
make
us
believe
that it
continued to work as a
branch of
the
Roman
mint.
[Pl.
VI.
11-15.]
I
append
a
conspectus
of the
coinage,
which,
it
appears,is all ofVespasian :
8
I.
Obv
Head
laureate
.
IMP CAESAR VESPASIA-
NI
VS
AVG
TR P
a.D.
69-71.
1.
Rev.
FORTVNA
AVCVST
Fortune
tanding
.,
holding
ornucopiae
nd rudder. M.
2. IVDAEA
DEVICTA
Judaea
standing
1.,
beside a
palm-tree.
M.
3.
LIBERTAS
RESTITVTA
Libertas
standing
1.,
holding ileus
and
sceptre
Paris).
Ai.
4.
MARS CONSERV
Mars
standing acing,
ooking
r.,holding pear ndtrophyParis). N.
5.
TITVS
ET
DOMITIAN
CAESARES
PRIN
I
VEN
The
princes
iding
.
tf.
[PI.
VI.
11.]
6
See
article
n
Num.
hron.,
914,
uoted bove, .
187.
7
The
war
against
he
rebels n
the
Rhinewas
undoubtedly
the
mmediateause of
this.
8
A
denarius
f
Titus n
B. M.
with
Obv
Head
laureate .
T
CAES IMP
VESP
PON
TR
POT
Rev
Victory
tanding
.
on
globe,
holding
wreath
VIC
AVC
may erhapselong ere.
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THE
MINTS
OF
VESPASIAN.
201
6.
TITVS ET DOMITIAN CAESARES PRIN
I
VEN
The
princes
eated1.
N,
iE.
7. TRIVMP
AVO
Triumphal procession
captive,
chariot,
&c.
N.
[Pl.
VI.
12.]
8.
VICTORIA
AVCVSTI
Victory
tanding,
olding
shield
bove
head.
N.
9. VICTORIA AVCVSTI Victory lying .,holdingwreath nd
palm
Paris).
N.
10.
Hand
clasped
over
eagle
and standards
Paris).
M.
A.D.
70.
11.
COS
ITER FORT
RED Fortune
standing
1.,
holding
cornucopiae
nd
rudder.
N.
12. COS
ITER
TR POT
Aequitas
standing
.,
holding
rod and scales.
N iR.
13. COS ITER TR POT Neptune tanding .,holdingtridentnd
dolphin
M.
A.
D.
71.
14.
COS
III
FORT RED
Female
figure
tanding
1.,
holding
aduceus
nd
ball.
N.
15.
COS
III
FORT RED
Fortune
tanding
.,holding
cornucopiae
nd
rudder.
N.
16.
COS
III
TR POT
Aequitas
standing
., holding
rod and
scales.
N.
17. TR POT COS III
Aequitas
standing
1.,
holding
rod and scales.
N.
A.D.
71.
II.
Obv.
Head
laureate
.
IMP
CAESAR
VESPASIAN
AVO
PM
TR
P PP
COS
III.
18.
Rev.
PACI
AVCVSTI
Winged
female
figure
d-
vancing
r.,
holding
aduceus
and
raising
old
of
dress
in
front
snake.
N.
SPQR PP OB CS in oak-wreath.A7.
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202
H. MATTINGLY.
A.D.
71.
III.
Obv.
Head laureater. IMP CAES VESPAS
AVO
TR P
COS
III
19. COS III
FORT RED Female
figure
tanding
1.,
holding
aduceus
nd ball.
M.
A.D.
71.
IV. Obv. Head laureater. IMP CAES VESP AVO
PM
TR
P lili
PP COS
III
20.
Rev VIC AVC
Victory standing
1. on
globe,
holding
wreath.
M.
A.D.
72.
V.
Obv
Head
laureate .
IMP
CAES VESPAS
AVC
PM
TR Pilli PP COS
INI
21.
Rev. DE
IVDAEIS
Trophy.
M.
[Pl.
VI.
13
rev.]
22.
PACI
AVGVSTI
Winged
female
figure
dvancing
r. (as above). N.
On
all
these
coins the
legends,
both obverse
and
reverse,
read
1. to
r.,
nwardly.
On the
following
coin
the
Obv.
legend
reads
r.
to
1.,
outwardly.
A.D. 73
?).
VI.
Obv.
Head laureate
. IMP CAESAR
VESPASIA-
NI
S
AVC9
23.
Rev. VEST
A
Round
temple.
N.
The
style
of
lettering
remains
uniform
throughout
this
series,
the
portrait
undergoes
considerable
changes.
A
few
aurei
show a
quite
unusual
portrait
in
high
relief
and
of
considerable
beauty.
The
lettering
and
the
form
of
obverse
legend
lead
one
to
assign
them
to
this
mint,
but
they
were
probably
struck
as
special
9
Whether
he
egend
IMP
CAESAR
VESPASIANVS
AVC, reading
.
to
r.,
s
ever
found
t
Lugdunums notquitecertain.
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THE
MINTS OF
VESPASIAN.
203
commemorative
pieces,
i.e.
as medals
rather than as
ordinary
coins,
from
dies
prepared by
skilful
artists,
and
issued in
limited
quantities.10
A
denarius
in
the
British
Museum shows :
Obv.
Head laureate
r.
IMP
CAES
VESP
AVO
P
M COS Nil
Rev.
TITVS
ET DOMITIAN
CAESARES PRIN
I
VEN
The
princes
seated 1.
an
obverse
of
the
Roman,
with a reverse
of
the
Lugdunum
mint
date a. d.
72.
(For
a
discussion
of
this
see
below.)
M.
There were
issues from
this mint at
intervals
from
the
beginning
to
the
end
of
the
reign.
The
portraits,on the whole, run parallel to those of the
Lugdunum
gold
and
silver,
the
types
for
the
most
part
follow the
Roman
mint,
but there
are
a
few
distinctive
of
Lugdunum.
This mint for
Aes
had
been
opened by
Nero
to
supply
the
special
needs
of
Gaul, Britain,
and
Spain.
Africa
was,
probably,
sup-
plied
from
Rome. Vitellius
apparently
used
the
mint
but
slightly
for this
metal,11
Galba not
at
all.12
The
following
s a
list of
obverse
titles
employed
at
themint
Vespasian.
IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS
AVC
P
M
TR
P
a.D. 69-70.
IMP
CAES
VESPASIAN AVC
PM
TR
P
PP
COS
II
A.D.
70.
10
A
series f
aurei
nd denariiwas struck
y
Vespasian
or
Galba at this
mint.
11
And
nly
n
the
ast
fewmonths
f
his
reign.12HisLugdunumssues reall posthumous.
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204
H.
MATTINGLY.
IMP
CAES
VESPASIAN
AVO
PM TR
P
PP
COS
III
A.D.
71.
IMP
CAES
VESPASIAN
AVO
PM
TR P
PP
COS Uli
a.D.
72.
IMP
CAES
VESPASIAN
AVO COS
IUI
a.D. 72.
IMP
CAES
VESPASIAN
AVG
PM
TR
P PP
COS VIII
a.D. 77-79.
IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVC COS VIII PP
A.D.
77-79.
IMP
CAES
VESPASIAN AVC
COS
Villi
a.d. 79.
Titus.
T
CAES
IMP AVC
F
PON
TR
P
COS
VI CEN-
SOR
a.D. 77-79.
T CAES
IMP
AVC
F
TR
P
COS VI
CENSOR
a.D. 77-79.
Domitian.
CAESAR
AVC
F DOMITIAN
VS COS
V
a.D.
77-79
The
shorter
legends
are,
in some
cases,
found
only
on
dupondii
and
asses,
not on sestertii.
Among
the
most characteristic
Lugdunum
reverses
are
«
PROVIDENT
S. C.
Altar
"
&
"
S.
C.
Eagle
on
globe
From a.d.
72
onwards the
classification
f
the "Aes"
ofVespasian is absolutely straightforward the earlier
issues
particularly
those
of
a.d.
71
present
some
curious difficulties. We find
a
variety
of
portraits,
unlike the
regular
portraits
of Rome
and
Lugdunum,
and an
extremely arge
series of
reverse
types,
ome of
great
interest. The
question
at
once
arises
whether
the
whole
of
this varied
series can
be
distributed
over
the
two mints
of
Rome
and
Lugdunum.
In
all
proba-
bility
it
can;
but
we must
recognize
here
special
issues commemoratingthe end of the Civil Wars
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THE MINTS
OF
VESPASIAN.
205
and the
suppression
of
the
German-Gallic revolt-
which,
bearing
so
marked
a
medallic
nature,
were
adorned with a
profuse variety
of
fine and
selected
portraits.
It is
interesting
to
note
that there
is
a series
of "Aes" of
Galba,
quite
detachable from the main
body
of his
coinage,
which
curiously
resembles
the
series ust discussed in the fine and unusual character
of
its
portraits
and,
in
several
cases,
in
reverse
type.
Mr.
F. A.
Walters
has
already
suggested
that Galbas
series
was
commemorative
n
nature and
was issued
at the
close of his
reign,
in
connexion
with
the
adoption
of
Piso;
while
fully
accepting
the
idea
that
it was
commemorative,
think
it
probable
that
it
was issued
by
Vespasian,
not
by
Galba
himself,
n
a.D.
71,
side
by
side with
the
series
discussed
above.
Galba
had
enjoyed
extraordinary popularity
in
Spain
and Southern
Gaul
and his
partisans
had sub-
sequently
espoused
the
cause
of
Vespasian,
who
might
well
be
disposed
therefore
o favour
them,
the
more
so as
the anti-Galban
faction
in Gaul
had
embraced
the
cause
of Vitellius
and afterwards
hrown
n
its
lot
with
Civilis
and his
rebels.
The
following
is
a
conspectus
of the
sestertii
struck
by
Vespasian
in a.d. 71-
giving
first list of
obverses,
secondly
a list
of
reverses,
with
notes of
obverses with
which
they
occur.
Obverses
(R
=
Rome,
L=Lugdunum.)
R. 1.
Bust
of
Vespasian
bare,
head laureate
r.
IMP
CAES
VESPASIAN AVC PM
TR
P
PP
COS
III
R.
2.
Bust
of
Vespasian
bare,
head
laureate
r.
IMP
CAES VESPAS AVC PM TR P PP COS III
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206 H.
MATTINGLY.
These are what
may
be
regarded
as
the normal
portraits
f
the Roman
mint,
(2)
succeeding (1).
L. 1.
Bust
of
Vespasian bare,
head
laureate r. IMP
CAES VESPASIAN
AVO PM TR
P
PP
COS
III
L. 2. Bust
of
Vespasian
bare,
head
laureate
r.
IMP
CAES VESPASIAN AVO PM TR P PP
COS
III
L. 3. Bust
of
Vespasian
bare,
head
laureate
r.
IMP
CAES
VESPASIAN AVO PM TR P PP
COS III
Three distinct successive
portraits
of the mint
of
Lugdunum.
1.
Bust of
Vespasian
bare,
head aureate .
Small die on
large
flan. IMP
CAESAR
VESPASIAN
AVO
PM TR P PP COS III
2. Bust
bare,
head laureate
r.
(small portrait).
IMP
CAES VESPASIAN
AVC PM TR P
PP
COS
III
3.
Bust
bare,
head laureate r.
(large portrait).
IMP
CAES
VESPASIAN
AVC PM
TR P
PP
COS III
4.
Bust
bare,
head
laureate
1.
IMP CAES
VESPA-
SIAN
AVC PM TR P
PP COS III
5.
Bust
bare,
head
laureate . IMP
CAESAR
VESPA-
SIANVS AVC PM TP PP COS III
6. Bust with
paludamentum,
ead
laureate,
r. IMP
CAESAR
VESPASIANVS
AVC PM TP
PP
COS
III
7. Bust with
egis,
head
aureate
.
(often
globe
below
bust).
IMP
CAESAR
VESPASIANVS
AVC
PM TP PP
COS III
These
seven
portraits
appear
to me
exceptional,
either for Bome
or
Lugdunum,
and
were
probably
made forthe special issue describedabove.
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THE
MINTS OF VESPASIAN.
207
Eeverses.
1. CAESAR AVO
F DES
IMP
AVO
F COS DES
IT
S.
C. Titus
and
Domitian
tanding
ace to
face.
R.l,
L.l,
L.2,
2,
3,
4.
2. CONCOR
AVC S.
C. Concordia
eated
1.,
holding
palm
and
cornucopiae.
R.2.
3.
FIDES
EXERCITVVM S.C.
Clasped
hands
holding
eagleon prow. 4, 6.
4.
FORTVNAE
REDVCI
S.
C.
Fortune
standing
1.,
holding
udder
nd
cornucopiae.
R.l,
R.2, 4,
6.
5.
HONOS
ET VIRTVS S.
C.
Honos and
Virtus
standing
face
to
face.
R.2,
6,
7.
6.
I
VDAEA
CAPTA
S.
C.
(1)
Judaea
eated
n
ground,
r. behind
her,
alm
and
captive.
R.l,
R.2,
2,
3.
7.
I
VDAEA
CAPTA S. C.
(2).
Judaea eated n
ground,
1.: behind
her,
palm
and
captive.
R.l,
3
(?).
8. IVDAEA CAPT A S. C. (3). Judaea eated nground
behind
her,
palm
and
warrior.
R.l,
L.3,
3.
9.
LIBERTAS
PVBLICA
S.C. Libertas
tanding
.,
holdingpileus
and
sceptre.
R.l, 3,
5.
10.
LIBERTAS
RESTITVTA S.C.
Emperor
tanding
1.,
raising
kneeling
woman.
5,
6.
11.
MARS
VICTOR
S.C.
(1).
Mars
standing
facing,
holding
pear
nd
trophy.
R.1,
4.
12.
MARS
VICTOR
S. C.
(2).
Mars
dvancing .,
hold-
ing
Victory
nd
trophy.
R.1,
R.2,
2.
13. PAX AVGVSTI S. C. (1). Pax standing .,
holding
branch
nd
cornucopiae.
R.l,
R.2, 3, 5,
6.
14.
PAX
AVGVSTI
S.
C.
(2).
Pax
standing
.
setting
fire o
a
heap
ofarms. R.2.
15.
PAX
P.
.
. ROMANI S.
C.
Pax
standing
.,
holding
branch
nd
cornucopiae.
R.l.13
16.
ROMA
S. C.
(1).
Roma
standing
.,
holding
Victory
and
spear.
R.l,
R.2,
L.3,
3,
4.
13
Possibly
I
MP
"
should e
read
the
oin
s
worn
tthis
oint):cp.rev. fGalba, VICTORIA IMPERI ROMANI S.C."
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208
H.
MATTINGLY.
17.
ROMA
S. C.
(2).
Roma
standing
.,
holding ictory
and
eagle, eaning
n a
trophy.
7.
18.
ROMA
S.
C.
(3).
Roma
seated
.,
holding
Victory
nd
parazonium.
L.l,
L.2.
19.
ROMA
S.C.
(4).
Roma seated
1.,
holdingVictory
nd
parazonium
in
background,
he seven
hills.
2,
6,
7.
20. ROMA RESVRCES S. C. Emperor tanding1.»
raising
a
kneeling
woman.
R.l,
3.
21.
S.
C.
Mars
advancing
.,
holding
pear
nd
trophy.
R.2,
2,
3,
4,
5.
22.
S. C. Frontview
of
hexastyle
emple.
R.l.
23.
S. C.
Victory
advancing
1.,
holding palm
and
wreath. R.l.
24.
S.
C.
Shrine
f
sis,
with
emicircular
ediment.
.
25.
S.
C.
Quadriga
. R.2.
26.
S.P.Q.R.ADSERTORI
LIBERT
ATIS
PVBLICAE
in oak-wreath.R.l, 5. 6.
»
27.
S.
P.Q.
R.
OB CI VES
SERVATOS
in
oak-wreath.
R.1,
3.
28.
SALVS
A VC
VST A
S. C. Salus
seated
1.,
holding
patera
nd
sceptre.
R.
2.
29.
SIGNIS RECEPTIS
S.
C.
Victory
standing
1.,
holding
out
standard o
Emperor
standing
on
platform.
1,
6.
30. SPES
AVGVSTA
S.
C.
Spes
standing
.
and
greet-
ing
three
soldiers,
one
of
whom
hands her
a
standard. 2.
31.
VICTORIA
AVO
S.C.
Emperor
tanding
.,
acri-
ficing
ver n
altar,
rowned
y
Victory.
R.l.
32.
VICTORIA
AVGVSTI S. C.
Victory
tanding
.,
inscribing
trophy.
R.l, R.2, 2,
á,
5,
7.
33.
VICTORIA
AVGVSTI
S.
C.
Victory
lying
.,
Emperor
tanding
1.
5,
7.
The solution
of
the
problems
of A.D.
71
will
probably
involve
the
solution
of
earlier
problems
of the
reign
:
I have not dealt in detail with the coinage of a. d. 69-
70
owing
to lack
of sufficient
eliable
material.
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THE
MINTS OF
VESPASIAN.
209
III.
Mint
of
Tarraco. N
,
M.
This
mint
issued
ail
interesting
series of
aurei and
denarii till
about
the
end
of a. d.
70.
The
style
of
portraiture
s
anything
but
uniform,
and one
might
be
tempted
to
assign
the
coins
to
two or even three
mints,
did
not
links exist which
closely
connect
coins,
at first
ight
very
unlike one another. A
conspectus
of
this
coinage
follows
I.
Obv.
Head
laureate .
IMP
CAESAR VESPASIA-
NVS
(r.
to
1.
outwardly).
1.
Rev
IVDAEA Judaea seated
r.,
mourning:
ehind
her, rophy.
ÄI.
II.
Obv.
Head laureate .
IMP
CAESAR
AVC
VES-
PASIAN
VS
(r.
to 1.
outwardly).
2. Rev CONSENSVS EXERCITVVM Mars ad-
vancing
.,
holding
pear
nd
eagle.
M.
[Pl.
VI.
17.]
III.
Obv.
Head
laureater.
IMP
CAESAR
AVC
VES-
PAS
IAN VS
(1.
to r.
inwardly).
3. Rev
-
H
I
SPAN
IA
Hispania standing
1.,
holding
corn-ears,
pears,
nd
shield.
N.
(Paris.)
[Pl.
VI.
16.]
4.
Rev.
MARS
VLTOR
Mars
advancing
.,
holding
spear
nd
trophy.
N.
(B.
M. and
Paris.)
5 Rev PAX Pax standing , holding aduceus, orn-ears, ndpoppy. N.
IV. Obv.
Head
laureate
. IMP CAESAR
VESPASIA-
NVS AVC
(1.
to r.
inwardly).
6. Rev-
COS
ITER
FORT
RED Fortune
tanding
.,
holding
ornucopiae
nd
rudder.
N.
[Pl.
VI. 18-
J
7.
Rev.
COS
ITER
TR
POT
Pax seated
1.,
holding
caduceus
nd
branch.
N.
[Pl.
VI.
19.]
8.
Rev.
COS
ITER
TR
POT
Neptune tanding
1.,
holding
dolphin
nd
trident. M.
9. Rev.-
IVDAEA
Judaea
eatedr.,mourning
behind
her, rophy. N, iR.
NUMISM.
HRON.,
OL.
,
SERIES
.
P
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210 H. MATTINGLY.
And
with
one
reverse,
apparently
later
than
the
others
10. Rev.
COS
DESIC
III
TR
POT
Aequitas
tanding
1.,
holding
cales
and
rod.
N.
(Baldwin, 1919.)
V.
Obv.
Head laureate .
IMP
CAESAR
VESPASIA-
NI
VS
AVC
PM
TR
P
(1.
to r.
inwardly.)
11. Rev. COS ITER TR POT Pax seated1.,holdingcaduceus ndbranch. N.
A
small
series
of
denarii with
Obv
Head laureate
.
IMP CAESAR
VESPASIA-
NI
VS AVC
(1.
to r.
inwardly).
12.
Rev.
LIBERTAS
PVBLICA
Liberty
tanding
1.,
holding
pileus
and
wand. M.
18. Rev.-
VICTORIA IMP
VESPASIAN
Victory
standing
.on
globe
holding
wreath
nd
palm.
M.
[Pl.
VI.
20.]
probablybelongsto the samemint.14 n portraiturend
lettering
t
diverges
somewhat
from
any
other
series,
and no one
seems to have known for
certain
whether
to
assign
it to
East or
West.
I
think
it
is
probably
Spanish
;
the reverse
types
in
particular
are all
closely
connected
with the
Spanish
series of
Galba.
The
reverse
egends invariably
read
1.
to
r.
inwardly,
except
in the
few
cases,
specially
noted
above,
where
they read verticallydownwardson r. and 1.
The Tarraco
coins of
Vitellius with
head
r.,
read»
r.
to
1.,
outwardly,
in
obverse
legend.
The
earliest
coins
of
Vespasian
follow
them.
The
legend
of
Vitellius
was
"
A.
Vitellius
Imp
Grermanicus",
mitting
14
LaiFranchi
ssigns
t to
Antioch.On
Pl.
II
of
his
article
e
illustratesnumberf
oins,
ome
ssigned
ere
o
Tarraco,
hich
he.
ttributes
o an
"unknown
mint".
I
have
oply
dealt
with
thosewhich
have
een ble to
examine
ersonally.My
mpres-
sion
s that ll
except
he
ureus
with
ev.
MARS
CONSERV
belongothe Tarraco group.
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THE MINTS
OF
VESPASIAN.
211
"Augustus";
and
in
this omission
the
earliest
legend
of
Vespasian, ''Imp
Caesar
Vespasianus"
follows
t.
"
Augustus
(Aug)
"
is
then inserted
between
"Caesar" and
"
Yespasianus
"
and
finally
is
placed
in
its
normal
position
at the end
of
the
legend.
During
the
period
n which
the
legend
"
Imp
Caesar
Aug
Vespasianus" was in use, the directionof legend was
changed
to
1.
o
r.,
nwards.
The
coins
of
Vitellius
with
head
1. read 1. to
r.,
letters
inwardly
on obverse
the
little series
of
Vespasian's
with
head
1.
follows
them.
A
few
of the
links
that connect
the
various
parts
of
this
series
may
here be
noted. The
Paris aureus
with
rev HISPANIA
(strong
evidence
in
favour of
the
Spanish
origin
of
the
coin)
is
closely
related
by
obverse
die to
the
British
Museum
aureus
with
rev MARS
VLTOR. AnotherParis
aureus,
linked
by
its reverse
MARS
VLTok
to the
last-mentioned
oin,
is
closely
related
by
obverse
to other
British
Museum
aurei
with
rev PAX
and
IVDAEA.
IV. Mint
of
Poetovio
(?).
It would
appear
probable
a
priori
that
the
armies
of
Illyricum,
on
joining
Vespasian, signalized
their
choice by
a
special coinage.
We can trace
that
coinage
in
the
following
group
of
denarii
:
Obv,
Head
laureater.
IMP CAESAR
VESPASIA-
NI S
A
VG
(1.
to r.
inwardly).
1. Bev.
CONSEN
EXERCIT
(in
vertical
ines).
Two
soldiers
tanding
. nd
r. and
clasping
hands.
M.
(Paris.)
2. Rev.-
CONSENSVS
EXERCIT(VS)
Two
soldiers
standing
.
and r.
and
clasping
hands.
M.
[PI.
VII.
1.]
3. Bev.- CENIVM
P R
Geniusstanding1.,holdingcornucopiaend patera. M.
p
2
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212
H.
MATTINI
LY.
4.
Bev.
PACI
S
EVENT(VM)
Genius
standing
L,
holding
corn-ears
nd
patera.
JR.
5.
Bev
ROMA PERPETVA
Roma
seated
1.,
holding
Victory
nd
parazonium.
JR.
[Pl.
VII.
2.]
The
portrait
is
curious
and
unusual.
The
reverse
types
have an
original
flavour. There
are
several
special
tricks,for instance, the accusative case (" genium
"eventum")
and
the
writing
of
this
reverse
legend
in
vertical
lines.15 "We
have to
deal with a
new mint
rather
Western
than Eastern
in
its affinities.
The
attribution o
Illyricum
is
strongly
probable
Poetovio
was
perhaps
the
place
of
mintage.
(Cp.
Tac.
H.
iii. 1.
Council of
"War
held
there.)
The
following
mule
is
of
great
interest
Obv.-Head laureate . IMP CAES VESP AVG PM
COS IMI
Bev.
Two
soldiers
tanding, lasping
ands. CON
SEN
EXERCIT
(in
vertical
ines).
JR.
(Paris.)
The
obverse
is
certainly
of
the
mint
of
Eome,
the
reverse no less
certainly
of the
mint
above
assigned
to
Poetovio
(?).
We
noted
above a
similar
mule
with
obv.
of
Eome,
rev.
of
Lugdunum.
These
coins
appear
to
afford
material
support
for
the
plausible
suggestion,
that on the closing of the non-Eoman mints there
was a
transfer
f
personnel
and
material
to
Eome.l(;
15
This
ast
rick
eappears
n
coins
f
Tarraco,
ut s
it
ppears
there irst
n coins
f
Vespasian
t
may
have
been
earnt
rom
his
mint.
16
Other
mules re
Cohen 4.
Paris.
JR.
Obv.
MP
CAES
VESP AVG
PM
TR
P
PP
COS
III
Head
aureate .
Lugdunum.
Rev.
AVCVR
PON
MAX
Sacrificial
mplements.Rome.
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THE MINTS OF
VESPASIAN.
213
V. Mints
of
Asia
Minor
N
,
M.
(See
Imhoof-Blumer,
Revue Suisse de
Num.
1905,
pp.
161
if.)
Before
discussing
the
question
of
mintage,
I
will
give
a
summary
of the issues
concerned
The
following
reverse
types
are
found
(1) AVC inwreath.
(2)
CONCORDIA
AVC
Female
figure
Ceres
)
seated
1.,
holding
orn-ears.
(3)
LIBERI
IMP AVC VESPAS
Busts
of Titus and
Domitian
acing
ne
another.
(4)
(a)
PACI
AVGVSTAE
Victory advancing
1.,
holding
wreath.
(b)
PACI
AVGVSTAE
Victory advancing
r.,
holding
wreath.
(5)
PACI
ORB TERR
AVC
Female
bust,
draped,
turreted, .
The
following groups
of
coins,
distinguished by
obverse
legend
and
(in
some
cases) by
mint-mark,
may
be
traced
(1)
Vespasian.
Obv.
Head
laureate
. IMP
CAES
VESPAS
AVC
No
mint-mark.
Hev
1,
3,
4
a,
5.
All JR.
Cohen 8. Paris. JR.
Obv.
MP
CAESAR
VESPASIANVS
AVC
Head aureate
.
Rome.
Rev.
CONSEN
EXERCIT
Two
oldiers.
oetovio.
After
ohen
85.
Paris.
JR.
Obv
IMP CAESAR
VESPASIANVS
AVC
Head
aureate
.
Rome.
Rev.
PACI AVCVSTI
Winged
female
igure.
Lugdunum.
Cohen
88.
Paris.
JR.
Obv.
MP
CAES
VESP
AVC
PM
Head
aureate
r. Rome.
Rev.PACI AVCVSTI, as above. Lugdunum.
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214
H.
MAITINGLY.
(2)
Vespasian.
Obv.
Head
laureate
r. IMP
CAES
VESPAS
AVC
Mint-mark
Rev.
1,
4,
5.
All -£t.
(Add
Cohen
292.
M.
Paris.
Variant
f
5.
Female
bust
draped .)
(3)
Vespasian.
Obv (a) Head laureate r. IMP CAESAR VESPA-
SIAN
VS
AVC
[Pl.
VII.
3.]
(b)
Head
laureate
r.
IMP
CAESAR
VESPA-
SIANVS
AVC P
Mint-mark
Rev 3.
M.
(With
obv.
.,
B.
M.;
with
obv.
,
Berlin.)
(4)
Vespasian.
Obv.-
Head
laureate r.
IMP
CAESAR
VESPAS
AVC COS
II
TR P
PP
Mint-mark-
Rev.
1,
2,
3,
4,
5.
All
M.
[Pl.
VII.
4.]
(5)
Vespasian.
Obv. Head
laureate
r.
IMP
CAESAR
VESPAS
AVC COS
II
TR P
PP
Mint-mark
fi-
Rev.
2
(N,
Berlin
JB,
Walters
Coll.),
3
(
M
,
5
(M).
(6)
Vespasian.
Obv.-
Head
laureate
r.
IMP
CAESAR
VESPAS
AVC
COS
III
TP P
PP
Mint-mark
fl-
Rev.-
5
(^R).
[Pl.
VII.
5.]
(7)
Vespasian.
Obv.
Head
laureate
r. IMP
CAESAR
VESPAS
AVC
COS
III
TR
P
PP
Mint-mark
Pt
or
EBE
Rev.-
1, 2,
3,
4
b,
5.
All
M.
[Pl.
VII.
0.]
Titus.
Obv.-
Head
laureater.
IMPERATOR T
CAESAR
AVCVSTI F
Same
mint-mark.
Rev.- 1 (#), 2 (N, M), 4 b {M). [Pl. VII. 7.]
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THE
MINTS OF
VESPASIAN.
215
Domitian.
Obv.
Bust, draped, uirassed,
head
bare,
r.
DOMI-
TIANVS
CAESAR
AVC
F
Same
mint-
mark.
Rev.-
1,
2,
4 b. All
M.
(8)
Vespasian.
Obv Head laureate r. IMP CAESAR VESPAS
AVC
COSV TR
P
PP
Mint-mark,
tar.
Rev.
5
(M).
Titus.
Obv.
Head laureate
r.
IMP T
CAESAR COS
III
Same
mint-
ark.
Rev.
2,
4
b.
Both
M.
The
dating
of
these
groups
causes
no
difficulty.
Groups
1-3
belong
to the
very beginning
of
the
reign
circa
August
a. d. 69 -
early
a. d.
70,
groups
4,
5
to
a.D.
70,
groups
6
and
7
to
a.d.
71
(the
undated coins
of Titus
and
Domitian
presumably
going
with their
father's ated
ones),
group
8
to
a.d.
74.
The
question
of mints
is
less
simple.
The mintmark
of
group
7,
E
EE
has
long
been
recog-
nized
as
"
EPHE
"
-
Ephesus
;
the
mint-mark f
groups
5
and
6,
>-ß-,
is
certainly
Byzantium,17
hough
it
has
not as yet been generally recognized and has been
usually
dismissed
as
inexplicable.
The
mint-marks
f
groups
2 and
4
)
and
group
3
(
tr)
remain
in doubt.18
On
the
analogy
of EPCand
>"B~,
we
expect
a Latin
17
Cp.
Tac.
H. ii.
83.
Mucianus
ciassem
Ponto
Byzantium
adigi
iusserat
;
Tacitus
eems
o
imply
hat
Byzantium
as
a
main aseof
perations
n
the
first
tages
f
the
war
in
ch.84
he
goes
n to
speak
f
Mucianus's
ndeavours
o raise
money.
18
B. Pick
has
suggested
hocaea.
The
suggestion
s,
priori
extremelynlikely
Phocaeawas
a
town
f
slightmportance
t
the ime. See,however,ote np.225.
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216 H. MATTINGLY.
monogram
and
it
is
just possible
that
we
have
here
shorthandformsof
the latter
(>"B~).
The
style
is
quite
consistentwith
this
suggestion
and
I
would
tentatively
assign
these
groups
(2-5)
together
with
group
1
(no
mint-mark)
o
Byzantium.
Group
(8), probably
com-
memorating
the
completion
of
Vespasian's
first
quin-
quennium,maybelong toEphesus,butit is conceivable,
at
least,
that
it
may
belong
to another
mint.19
Asia
boasted
many
notable
citiés and
Vespasian
may
not
have confined o
Ephesus
the
honour
of
ssuing
imperial
currency.
The
motive
for
the
choice of
Byzantium
as the
first
mint was
certainly
military
it
was
found
convenient
to
strike
money
at the
base of
operations.
The
transfer-
ence
of
the
mint
to
Ephesus,
when
warlike
operationswere
entirely
over,
s
equally
intelligible,
for
Ephesus
was
the
centre of the
provincial
coinage
(the
so-called
"Cistophoric
Medallions
"),
and
had
therefore irst
laim
to
issue
these
mperial
coins,
which for
he time
replaced
the
provincial.
For
asses
of
Vespasian,
assigned
by
Imhoof-Blumer
to
Asia
Minor,
see below.
VI. Mints
of
the
Syrian
District.
Here again a survey of the coinage must precede
questions
of
mintage.
Group
1.
Vespasian
and
Titus.20
1. Obv.
Head
of
Vespasian
aureate
.
IMP
CAESAR
VESPASIA AVC
19
Why
hould
not
Ephesus
ontinue
o
sign
with
ts
own
mark,
PE?
;o
Undated
enarii
f
Vespasian
with
Obv.
MP CAESAR
VESPASIANVS
AVC
andhead aureater.
Äe?-.
1)
VlRTVS
AVCVST Virtustanding.,holdingpearand parazoniumand
2)
AVC in wreath ay elong ere. [Pl.VII. 9.]
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THE
MINTS
OF
VESPASIAN.
217
Bev.
Head
of Titus laureate .
T FLAVI
VESPA-
SIANVS
CAESAR
N.
2.
Obv.
Head
of
Vespasian,
aureate
r.
IMP CAESAR
VESPASIANVS AVC
Bev.
Head
of
Titus laureate 1*.
IMP
T FLAVIVS
CAESAR AVC
F
N
[Pl.
VII.
8.]
3.
Obv
Head
of
Vespasian,
aureate
r.
IMP CAESAR
VESPASIANVS AVC
Bev. Head
of
Titus laureate r.
IMP
T
FLAVIVS
CAESAR
AV F
N.
(Paris.)
Group
2.
Vespasian,
Vespasian
and
Titus,
and
Vespasian,
Titus,
and
Domitian.
Obv.
Bust of
Vespasian
draped,
head
laureate
.
IMP
VESPAS AVC
PM TRI
P
P
P COS
Mil
4. Bev
Vespasian
standing
.,
extending
and
to
female
figure, neeling
.
PAX
A
VC
VST
I
N.
[PI. VII. 10.]
5. Bev.
Head of
Titus,bare,
r.
IMP
CAES VES
.
. .
AVC F TRI
PII COS
II
N.
(Jameson
oll.)
Found
at
Ephesus.
6. Bev. Heads
of
Titus
and Domitian
acing
ne
another.
CAE
DVM ET Tl
CAES IMP
VESPAS
N.
(Montagu
ale.)
The
following
denarii are to
be connected
with this
group
of
aurei.
Group 2a. Vespasian.
Obv.-
Head
of
Vespasian
laureate
r.
IMP CAES
VESP AVC
P M
COS
IMI
7.
Bev.
CONCORDIA
AVCVSTI
Female
figure
seated
1.,
holding
atera
nd
cornucopiae.
M.
8.
NEP RED
Neptune standing .,
holding
acrostolium
and
trident.
Mã
9.
VICTORIA
AVCVSTI
Victory
advancing
r.
to
crown
standard.
A'.
[PI.
VII.
11.]
10.
Judaea seated
r.
behind
her,
palm-tree
nd Roman
warrior.
JR.
11. Emperorn quadriga . JR.
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218
H. MATTINGL.Y.
Titus.
Obv.
Bust of
Titus,draped,
head
laureate .
T
CAES
.
IMP
VESP PON TR
POT
12. ^.-CONCORDIA
AVGVSTI,
as
above. M.
[PL
VII.
12.]
13.
NEP
RED,
as
above.
^R.
14.
Judaea
eated
r.,
as
above.
M.
15. Prince n quadriga, . M.
Aurei of
Vespasian
and
Titus
(and
a few
denarii),
with the above
obverse
and
reverse
types,
show
all
the
characteristics
of the
Roman
mint and
must
certainly
be
assigned
to
it.
These
denarii,
on the
other
hand,
in
general
style
and
particularly
n letter-
ing,
clearly diverge
from it.
They
are
Eastern
showing
no affinities
with
any
of
the
Western
mints.21
Group
3.
Vespasian,
Vespasian
and
Titus,
and
Titus.
Obv. Head
of
Vespasian,
laureate r.
IMP
VESPA
CAESAR
AVCVS
[Pl.
VII.
13
obv.]
16.
Bev.
ROMA
Roma seated r. on
shield,
holding
parazonium
nd
spear.
N.
IMP
17. Bev.
T
In
three ines
on shield
laid
on
two
CAESAR
crossed
pears.
N.
(Hall
Coll.)
Obv
-
Head ofVespasian,aureater. IMP CAESARVESPASIANVS AVC
18.
Bev.
PONT
MAX TR
POT
Female
figure
eated
r.,
holding
branch and
sceptre.
N.
(Ponton
d'Amécourt
ale.)
Obv.
Head of
Titus,
aureate r.
IMP
T
CAESAR
VESPASIANVS
21
Cp.
Paris
aureuswith
Obv.
Head
of
Vespasian
aureate
.
IMP CAES VESP
AVO
PM
in
style
of
these
denarii.
Rev.
Head
of
Titus,bare,
.
IMP CAES
VESP
AVO P
TRIP
[II]
COS II
(cp.
group
of aurei
above)
a
definite
connectingink.
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THE
MINTS OF
VESPASIAN.
219
19. Bev.
CONCORDIA
A
VC
Concordia seated
1.,
holding atera
nd
cornucopiae.
Pl.
VII.
13
rev
20.
Obv.
As above.
Bev.
IVDAEA DEVICTA
Victory
tanding
r.,
in-
IMP
scribing
T
on
shield fastened o
palm-tree.
CAES
N. (Paris.)
21.
Obv
As
above.
Bev.
[VIRTVS]
AVCVSTI
(?)
Virtus
tanding
.,
holding spear
and
parazonium.
End
of
rev
legend
doubtful.
N.
(Coll.
Trivulzio.
Boil
di
Num.
e
Sfr.
ii.
13.)
Group
4.
Vespasian.
Obv.
Bust
bare,
head
radiate
.
IMP
CAES
VESPA-
SIANVS
AVC
22. Bev.
Victory
flying
1.,
holding
wreathand
palm.
VICT
AVC N.
(Paris.)
Group
5.
Denarii
of
Vespasian,
Titus,
and Domitian.
Vespasian.
Obv.
Head
of
Vespasian,
aureate
r.
IMP
CAESAR
VESPASIANVS
AVC
(r.
to
1.).
23. Bev.-
COS
VII
Pegasus
r.
(1.
to
r.).
[PL
VII.
14.]
24. PON MAX TR P COS VII Winged caduceus
(r.
to
1.).
25.
FIDES
PVBL
Clasped
hands
holding
caduceus