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THE MONARCHS OF EUROPE
The Power of Spain
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1. The King becomes Emperora. Charles V and
the Empirei. 1516, became
Charles I of Spain
ii. Member of the Hapsburg family
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iii. Ruled as an absolute monarch1. A ruler whose power was not limited by
having to consult with nobles, common people or their own representatives
2. Absolute monarchs also believed they ruled by divine right
a. Concept that states that monarchs received their power from God and therefore must not be challenged
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iv. Territory included Spain, Low Counties of Belgium and the Netherlands plus colonies in the Americas
v. 1519, the Holy Roman Emperor’s throne was vacant1. Position was elected2. Charles borrowed money to buy the votes
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vi. Became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V1. Gained land in Italy, Austria and parts of
Germany
vii. Wanted Europe to be Roman Catholic2. Growing Protestant movement threatened
his influence
viii. 1521- Declared Protestant leader Martin Luther an outlaw
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ix. Signed the Peace of Augsburg after years of fighting1. Signed in 15552. Gave each German prince the right to decide
whether his state would be Catholic or Protestant
x. Achieved more success in the Americas than in Europe3. Spanish explorers claimed much of the
Americas under his reign4. Would bring gold, silver and wealth into Spain
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b. Dividing the Empire
i. Charles V gave up his thrones in 1556
1. Frustrated by his failures in Europe
ii. Divided empire between his brother and his son
1. His brother took over the Hapsburg holdings in Austria
2. Philip II ( Charles’ son) took over Spain, Sicily, the Netherlands and the Spanish colonies in the America
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2. Artistic Achievements
a. Arti. El Greco
1. Real name is Domenicos Theotocopolios
2. Work was religious and reflected Spain’s role in the Counter Reformation
3. Famous for elongated human figures
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ii. Diego Velazquez1. Court painter2. Painted people of all classes with dignity
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b. Literature
i. Miguel de Cervantes
1. Most famous work “Don Quixote de la Mancha”
a. About a man caught between the medieval world and the modern world
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ii. Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz1. Wrote poetry,
prose and plays2. Criticized by the
Church for her belief that women had a right to an education
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3. Spain under Philip II
a. Religion and Revolti. Philip was a devout Catholicii. Married Queen Mary I of Englandiii. The Netherlands
1. A revolt occurred when the Dutch refused to declare allegiance with Philip II
2. Army led by the Duke of Alba was sent to punish the Dutch
3. Court of Blooda. Set up by Alba to try and torture those
suspected to be rebels
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4. Revolted lasted for decades5. 1609, a truce was formed
a. 7 northern provinces became the independent nation of the Netherlands
b. Southern provinces remained under the control of Spain
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b. Spain and England
i. England had sent aid to the Dutch during its revolt against Spain
ii. Queen Elizabeth I also was allowing her ships’ captains to attack Spanish treasure ships coming from the Americas
1. English ships were known as sea dogs2. Sir Francis Drake was infamous sea dog
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iii. In response to this Philip decided to invade England1. Wanted to stop attacks on his ships2. Wanted to return England to Catholicism
iv. Philip assembled the Spanish Armada3. 1588, 130 ships with 20,000 soldiers and
sailors set sail for the English Channel4. Fought England in a series of naval
battles5. English defeat the Armada
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c. An Empire in Decline
i. Internal Problems1. Government was too centralized
a. Philip insisted on approving all decisions
2. Court was riddled with factions and suspicions
a. Philip trusted no one
3. Wealth of the Americas was spent on constant warfare
a. Borrowed money often b. Went bankrupt 4 times
4. Economy lagged behind that of others
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Absolute monarch and France
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1. Religious war and Henry IVa. Conflict and a New Kings
i. War broke out in 1562, in France, between the Catholics and Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants)
ii. 1572, the Catholic Queen of France ordered the killing of the Huguenots in Paris
iii. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre1. Resulted from the order of the queen2. Started with the killing of French Huguenots
nobles attending the wedding of Henry of Navarre3. Henry escaped death by denying his religion
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iv. 1593, Henry converted to Catholicism and was crowed Henry IV
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b. Compromise and Progressi. 1598, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes
1. Granted Huguenots limited religious freedom of worship
2. Granted the right to hold office3. Granted right to rule 200 towns where they
already had a majority4. Document gave people the right to pick their
own religion5. Document also still declared Catholicism the
official religion6. Also required Huguenots to support Catholic
Church financially
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ii. Eliminated debt and built a surplusiii. Would become one of France’s most
respected monarchs
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2. Louis XIII and Richelieu
a. Louis XIIIi. Was very young when he became kingii. Mother served as his regentiii. Cardinal Richelieu would become his chief
minister and most trusted advisor
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Louis XIII Cardinal Richelieu
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b. La Rochelle
i. A Huguenot port city that had sided with the English on a nearby island
ii. Richelieu used that as a means to take the city
iii. After 14 months of fighting , he took the city, tore down its walls and made all churches Catholic
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c. Nobles
i. Louis and Richelieu saw nobles as a threat
ii. Used spies and uncovered planned revolts
iii. Punishments were severeiv. Richelieu also controlled foreign affairs
as well
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3. The Monarchy of Louis XIVa. Rise of the Sun King
i. Louis XIV1. Best example of an absolute monarch2. Became king young and mother served as
regent3. Chief minister was Cardinal Mazarin4. As a child he was taught the skills he would
need to be king5. Supremely confident in his ability to rule6. At 18, Cardinal Mazarin died and Louis declared
he would run the government7. The sun was his personal symbol
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b. Absolutism at Versailles
i. Began tradition of absolute monarchy in France
ii. He controlled all aspects of his government including religion
iii. Deprived the nobles of influence
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iv. Built palace of Versailles outside of Paris1. Required nobles to come visit him there
regularly2. Nobles gained prestige by becoming part
of his court 3. Urged nobles to develop expensive habits
that would them poorer and more dependent on his generosity
v. Every moment of his day required rituals performed by bowing courtiers
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c. Louis and Protestantismi. In 1685, Louis revoked the Edict of
Nantes and outlawed Protestantism
d. Money and the Militaryii. Finances were a concern because of the
lifestyle he had
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ii. Jean-Baptiste Colbert1. Finance minister2. Limited imports
and increased exports
3. Simplified the tax system
4. Also cut the debt
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iii. Louis wanted to build up military and expand territory1. Would become the most powerful ruler in
Europe
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e. War over the Throne
i. War of the Spanish Succession1. Most costly of all wars Louis fought2. King of Spain died without an heir3. Louis was one of 3 rulers to make a claim on
the throne4. European monarchs did not want France and
Spain to be aligned and opposed Louis’ claim5. Netherlands and England went to war against
France in 17016. Louis accepted the Treaty of Ulrecht in 1713
after many defeats
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ii. Treaty of Ulrecht1. Gave the Spanish throne to Louis’
grandson2. Stated that Spain and France could not be
united under one ruler3. Louis had to give up territory he had
taken
iii. Louis remained in power until his death in 1715
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Monarchs in England
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1. The Tudors and Parliamenta. Two prominent
members of the Tudor Family
i. Henry VIII of England1. Created the Protestant
Church of England so he could divorce his wife
2. Had Parliament pass laws to end authority of pope
3. 1534, Act of Supremacy declared Henry the head of the Church of England
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ii. Elizabeth I1. 1588, Crowned
Queen of England after her sister Mary died
2. Parliament helped her pass laws that favored Protestantism
3. Parliament wanted her to marry, but she refused
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4. Was able to work with Parliamenta. One reason, she allowed Parliament
members to speak their minds without fear of punishment
5. Though clearly in charge, some still questioned her actions
6. Elizabeth died in 1603
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2. The Stuarts and Parliamenta. James I
i. Became king when Elizabeth died; founded the Stuart line
ii. Believed in the divine right of kings and wanted to rule as an absolute monarch
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iii. He had problems with Parliament1. He lacked funds to spend2. He was considered an outsider3. Rarely able to get Parliament to approve
all the funds he wanted
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iv. Puritans1. Group of strict Calvinist2. Wanted to reform the Church of England
a. Thought some practices were still too Catholic
3. Wanted to take away power from Church officials
a. Was seen as a threat by Jamesb. James refused to pass most of the reforms of
the Puritans
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4. Wanted a Bible to be published in Englisha. This is one reform that James agreed to
v. James died in 1625
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b. Charles Ii. Youngest son of
James Iii. 1628, Charles
requested money from Parliament
1. Parliament would not agree until Charles signed the Petition of Right
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a. Document placed limits on King’s poweri. King could not levy taxes without
parliament approvalii. No false imprisonmentiii. Could not force citizens to house soldiersiv. Could not declare martial law in peace
time
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iii. Charles would tax people on his own and forced bankers to lend him money
iv. 1629, Charles dismissed Parliament and ruled without consulting them
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3. The English Civil War
a. Parliament Reconvenesi. 1640, Charles reconvened Parliament to
ask for money because of his debtii. Would become known as the Long
Parliament1. Would not grant request until he agreed to
some termsa. Parliament must meet once every 3 years
b. King could not longer dismiss Parliament
2. Charles agreed but had every intention to dismiss them later
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b. War with Parliament
i. Puritan group within Parliament wanted to abolish the appointment of bishops within the Anglican Church
ii. Charles tried to arrest them for treasoniii. People had escaped but Charles had
shown he was going to take back Parliament
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iv. 1642, The English War began1. King had no funding and relied on the
supporters for money2. Supporters of Charles were called Royalist3. Parliament voted for funding4. Parliament supporters were called Roundheads5. Leader of the Roundheads was Oliver Cromwell
a. was an army generalb. Rose to power to become commander-in-chief of
Parliament army
6. 1646, Charles surrendered to Cromwell
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c. Trial and Execution
i. Charles was put on trial1. He defended himself; He refused to
recognize the authority of Parliament2. Was sentenced to death3. January 30, 1659, Charles was publicly
beheaded
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d. England under Cromwell
i. England’s government changed1. House of Commons abolished House of Lords2. Monarch was outlawed
ii. England was a commonwealth1. A republican government based on the common
good of the people
iii. Cromwell was given the title “Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland”
iv. Cromwell demanded complete obediencev. Cromwell closed theaters and limited other
forms of public entertainment
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Oliver Cromwell
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e. Defender of Absolutism
i. Thomas Hobbes1. A Royalist2. Wrote “Leviathan”
a. Describes human beings as naturally selfish and fearful
b. Argues that people needed an all powerful monarch to tell them how to live
3. Views sparked controversy
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4. The Monarch Returns
a. The Restoration i. Parliament voted to bring back the
monarchy after Cromwell died1. This is known as the Restoration
ii. Invited Charles I’s son to be the new king, but with certain conditions
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b. Charles II
i. Religious tensions
1. Supported religious tolerance for Catholics
2. Parliament insisted upon laws that strengthened the Church of England
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ii. Restoration years were both positive and negative1. Positives
a. Theaters reopenedb. Passage of Habeas Corpus Act of 1679
i. Guaranteed that someone accused of a crime had the right to appear in court to determined if the accused should be held or release
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2. Negativesa. 1665, the Bubonic Plague returnedb. 1666, the Great Fire of London
i. Charles would support public construction projects after this
iii. Charles II died in 1685
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c. James II
i. Brother of Charles II
ii. Was a Catholiciii. Believed in right
to rule as an absolute monarch
iv. Not popular with the people
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d. The Glorious Revolution
i. 1688, James’ daughter Mary and her husband William were invited to be King and Queen of England
1. Became William III and Mary II
ii. This transfer of power is known as the Glorious Revolution
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William III Mary II
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iii. Changes in government1. Parliament had crowned a new king and
queen2. Had new monarchs sign the English Bill of
Right before taking powera. Prevented monarchs from levying taxes
without consent of Parliamentb. Central to England’s growth as a
Constitutional Monarchyi. Monarchy limited by law
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Rulers of Russia and Central Europe
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1. The Monarch of Ivan IV
a. Russia before Ivan IV
i. Russia was run by church officials and boyars (landowning nobility)
ii. When Ivan takes power he claims title of czar (Russian for caesar)
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b. Reforms of Ivan
i. Reforms made during early years of his reign
1. Created a council that included merchants and lower level nobles
2. Began to promote military leaders based on merit
3. Drew up a new legal code
ii. These and others helped reduced boyars’ power
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c. Ivan the Terrible
i. During 1560s Ivan changed1. His actions and policies sealed his title as
Ivan the Terrible
ii. Became suspicious of his closest advisors and sent them away killing many of their supporters
iii. Created private police force of 6000 1. Purpose was to investigate and punish
opposition
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iv. 1565, he seized land from 12,000 boyarsv. 1581,he killed his own son
1. Left Russia without an heir
vi. This period is known as the Time of Troubles
vii. Ivan IV died in 16132. Michael (relative of his 1st wife) was
crowned czara. 1st in the Romanov dynasty that ruled Russia
until 1917
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2. Peter the Great
a. Early Rulei. Began czar in 1682 when he was a child
1. Sister insisted on ruling in his place
ii. At 17, he removed his sister from power and took over
iii. Peter’s appearance1. 6 ½ ft tall2. Extremely strong3. Had a strong personality and boundless
energy
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iv. Azov1. Located on the Black Sea and held by the
Turks2. Peter led an attack on it and failed3. Inspired to build a navy4. After completion of navy attacked Azov
again and won
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b. Modernization and Reform
i. Peter knew Russia had to modernize to keep up with Europe
ii. He was determined to bring elements of Western culture to Russia
1. This process is called westernization
iii. In 1692, Peter journeyed to Europe1. Traveled in disguise but was still recognized2. Learned hands on skills, i.e. shipbuilding3. Recruited European experts to bring skills to
Russia
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iv. The Streltsy1. A military corps2. Believed they wanted to put his sister on
the throne3. Had many members tortured and
executed4. Disbanded the Streltsy and organized a
more modern army
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v. Reforms1. Brought Church under state control2. Built up Russian industry3. Started 1st newspaper in Russia4. Sponsored new schools5. Modernized the calendar6. Promotions based on service instead of social
status7. Wanted people to dress more European8. He is often considered the founder of modern
Russia
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c. Founding of St. Petersburgi. Peter founded a new cityii. Came as a result of a war fought with
Sweden for warm water portsiii. Built new capital, St. Petersburg
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3. Catherine the Great
a. Catherine takes power
i. A German princess married to Czar Peter III
ii. Her husband was weak and incompetent
iii. She seized power after Peter’s death
iv. Was declared Catherine II Czarina of Russia
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b. Early Reform
i. Saw herself as the true successor of Peter the Great
ii. Built a bronze statue of Peter in St. Petersburg to legitimize her claim to the throne
iii. Influence by major European thinkers of her time
iv. She reformed Russia’s legal and educational system
v. Removed some restrictions on tradevi. Promoted the arts and sciences
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c. Challenges to Catherine’s Rulei. Within first year Catherine was involved
in a major conflict with Poland1. Poland wanted to be free of Russian
influence2. 1768, Ottoman Empire sided with Poland3. Russia will go to war and eventually win4. Russia will receive half of Poland and
territory on the Black Sea
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ii. Rebellion inside Russia1. Yemelyan Pugachev was traveling around
Russia claimed to be Peter III2. Gained support, but rebellion was put down
and he was captured and beheaded
iii. Revolt led Catherine to completely reorganize local government3. Administration on the local level was placed in
the hands of the landowners and noblesa. In return they had their taxes reduced and were
given absolute control over their land and peasants
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4. Monarchy and Conflict in Central Europe
a. The Thirty Years Wari. Began as a religious dispute in 1618
1. Prague was an area under the Holy Roman Emperors control and one of his officials went there and ordered that the two Protestant Churches be shut down
2. Protestants threw the official out of the palace windows
ii. This spared a revolt1. Nobles in German states of Bavaria and
Austria rebelled against the emperor, others would join later
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iii. War would involve other nations1. Spain joined the emperors side2. France sided with the Protestants as well
as Denmark and Sweden
iv. War lasted until 16483. Both sides agreed to the Treaty of
Westphaliaa. Treaty extended religious toleration to both
Catholics and Protestantsb. Also limited the emperors power
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b. Austria and Prussia
i. Austria and Prussia gained from the treaty
ii. Austria was governed by the Hapsburgs
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iii. Charles VI1. Holy Roman Emperor
died in 1740 without a male heir
2. Before he died approved the Pragmatic Sanction
a. Position could now be passed to female heir
3. Daughter Maria Theresa would take throne
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Maria Theresa Frederick the Great
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iv. Frederick the Great of Prussia seized Austrian provinces of Silesia
v. Frederick offered to help Maria Theresa’s husband become the Holy Roman Emperor, she refused
vi. War of the Austrian Succession broke out in 1740
vii. Involved Spain, France and two other statesviii. Maria Theresa asked for peace in 1748
1. Prussia kept Silesia