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The Neurobiology of TraumaWhat You Need to Know About the Brain and Trauma(PART 1)
Rebecca Campbell, Ph.D.Professor of PsychologyMichigan State University
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This project was supported by Grant No. 2015-AK-BX-K021 awarded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance. The Bureau of Justice Assistance is a component of the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the Office for Victims of Crime, and the SMART Office. Points of view or opinions in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
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In this three-part webinar series,
I want to share with you how research on the brain can help us connect the dots . . .
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Sexual Assault
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Sexual Assault
Immediate Aftermath of the Assault
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Sexual Assault
Cold Case Investigation & Notification
Immediate Aftermath of the Assault
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1 Year? 2 Years? 3 Years? ... 10 Years?
Sexual Assault
Cold Case Investigation & Notification
Immediate Aftermath of the Assault
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Webinar: Part 1▪ How the brain & body react to major traumas,
including sexual assault
▪ Emphasis on understanding victim behavior
during assault & in immediate aftermath
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Webinar: Part 2▪ How the brain & body react to major traumas,
including sexual assault
▪ Emphasis on understanding memory formation
& recall during assault & in immediate aftermath
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Webinar: Part 3▪ How the brain & body react to major traumas,
including sexual assault
▪ Emphasis on understanding implications for cold case investigations and victim notifications
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The Neurobiology of Trauma
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LET’S BEGIN HERE
Sexual Assault
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“In the midst of assault, the brain’s fear circuitry takes over while other key parts are impaired or even effectively shut-down.
This is the brain reacting to a life-threatening situation just the way it is supposed to.”
Hopper & Lisak, 2014
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Cerebrum
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Prefrontal Cortex
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“Executive Functions”
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Limbic System
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“Fear Circuitry”
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Amygdala
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Amygdala
X
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This is an autonomic process.
It is hard-wired into the brain.
The victim does not “choose” what happens next.
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Amygdala
XIMPLICATIONS FOR:
Behavior
Memory
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Understanding Victim Behavior
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Sexual Assault
Immediate Aftermath of the Assault
VICTIMS’ BEHAVIOR
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Amygdala
IMPLICATIONS: Behavior
X
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Balances body following stress by releasing of hormones
Behavior: The HPA Axis
SOURCE: Baldwin, 2013; Southwick et al., 2005; Woods et al., 2005
Amygdala
Pituitary Gland
Adrenal Glands
Kidneys
Hypothalamus
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SOURCE: Bracha, 2004; Southwick et al., 2005; Zoladz, 2014
Amygdala
Pituitary Gland
Adrenal Glands
Kidneys
HypothalamusOpioids: Prevent pain
Oxytocin: Promote good feelings
Behavior: The HPA Axis
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SOURCE: Bracha, 2004; Southwick et al., 2005; Zoladz, 2014
Amygdala
Pituitary Gland
Adrenal Glands
Kidneys
Hypothalamus
Behavior: The HPA Axis
Flat Affect
“Inappropriate” Affect
Opioids: Prevent pain
Oxytocin: Promote good feelings
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SOURCE: Bracha, 2004; Southwick et al., 2005; Zoladz, 2014
Amygdala
Pituitary Gland
Adrenal Glands
Kidneys
Hypothalamus
Behavior: The HPA Axis
Catecholamine: Adrenaline
Cortisol: Energy available to act
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SOURCE: Bracha, 2004; Southwick et al., 2005; Zoladz, 2014
Amygdala
Pituitary Gland
Adrenal Glands
Kidneys
Hypothalamus
Behavior: The HPA Axis
Catecholamine: Adrenaline
Cortisol: Energy available to act
“Fight or Flight”
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It’s more complicated than that.
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It’s more complicated than that.
“Fight” is possible, but the brain may initiate a more protective response instead.
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It’s more complicated than that.
“Fight” is possible, but the brain may initiate a more protective response instead.
Fear circuitry in brain creates “defense cascade.”
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Behavior: The Defense Cascade
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SOURCE: Kozlowska et al., 2015
Behavior: The Defense Cascade
Freeze Body stops so brain can assess threat, often brief, then body might move to escape threat
Tonic Immobility Often triggered by physical restraint, body is unable to move or talk, but mind is aware of what’s happening
Collapsed Immobility Also triggered by physical restraint, loss of muscle tone & unable to move, victim may faint or pass out
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Behavior: The Defense Cascade
Freeze Body stops so brain can assess threat, often brief, then body might move to escape threat
Tonic Immobility Often triggered by physical restraint, body is unable to move or talk, but mind is aware of what’s happening
Collapsed Immobility Also triggered by physical restraint, loss of muscle tone & unable to move, victim may faint or pass out
SOURCE: Kozlowska et al., 2015
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Behavior: The Defense Cascade
Freeze Body stops so brain can assess threat, often brief, then body might move to escape threat
Tonic Immobility Often triggered by physical restraint, body is unable to move or talk, but mind is aware of what’s happening
Collapsed Immobility Also triggered by physical restraint, loss of muscle tone & unable to move, victim may faint or pass out
SOURCE: Kozlowska et al., 2015
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Behavior: The Defense Cascade
Freeze Body stops so brain can assess threat, often brief, then body might move to escape threat
Tonic Immobility Often triggered by physical restraint, body is unable to move or talk, but mind is aware of what’s happening
Collapsed Immobility Also triggered by physical restraint, loss of muscle tone & unable to move, victim may faint or pass out
SOURCE: Kozlowska et al., 2015
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Behavior: The Defense Cascade
Freeze Body stops so brain can assess threat, often brief, then body might move to escape threat
Tonic Immobility Often triggered by physical restraint, body is unable to move or talk, but mind is aware of what’s happening
Collapsed Immobility Also triggered by physical restraint, loss of muscle tone & unable to move, victim may faint or pass out
SOURCE: Kozlowska et al., 2015
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I was terrified. I couldn’t do anything and
I didn’t know why.
I didn’t want to tell no one because what would I be able to say . . .
No, I didn’t fight back.No, I didn’t yell for help.
I just laid there.Wondering if I was going to die.
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Behavior: The Defense Cascade
Freeze Body stops so brain can assess threat, often brief, then body might move to escape threat
Tonic Immobility Often triggered by physical restraint, body is unable to move or talk, but mind is aware of what’s happening
Collapsed Immobility Also triggered by physical restraint, loss of muscle tone & control (“rag doll”), victim may faint or pass out
SOURCE: Kozlowska et al., 2015
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Behavior: The Defense Cascade
Freeze Body stops so brain can assess threat, often brief, then body might move to escape threat
Tonic Immobility Often triggered by physical restraint, body is unable to move or talk, but mind is aware of what’s happening
Collapsed Immobility Also triggered by physical restraint, loss of muscle tone & control (“rag doll”), victim may faint or pass out
SOURCE: Kozlowska et al., 2015
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Behavior: The Defense Cascade
Freeze Body stops so brain can assess threat, often brief, then body might move to escape threat
Tonic Immobility Often triggered by physical restraint, body is unable to move or talk, but mind is aware of what’s happening
Collapsed Immobility Also triggered by physical restraint, loss of muscle tone & control (“rag doll”), victim may faint or pass out
SOURCE: Kozlowska et al., 2015
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Behavior: The Defense Cascade
Freeze Body stops so brain can assess threat, often brief, then body might move to escape threat
Tonic Immobility Often triggered by physical restraint, body is unable to move or talk, but mind is aware of what’s happening
Collapsed Immobility Also triggered by physical restraint, loss of muscle tone & control (“rag doll”), victim may faint or pass out
SOURCE: Kozlowska et al., 2015
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It was like my body wasn’t mine . . . like a doll.
He was moving my body where he wanted it, so he could . . .
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Behavior: SUMMARY
Victims are in survival mode brain shutting down conscious control & fear circuitry takes over
Fight, Flight, Freeze many possible responses
Victims may not act the way you expect them to act
So-called “counter-intuitive” behaviors re-evaluate through a neurobiological lens
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Why It’s Important To Understand the Neurobiology of Trauma . . .
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All I wanted to hear was, ‘I’m so sorry this happened to you. It’s gonna be ok and I’ll help you, whatever you need.’
No one ever said that to me.
No, everyone said I wasn’t acting right. Like there’s a right way to do this, a
right way to be a victim.
And I wasn’t doing it right.
Why It’s Important To Understand the Neurobiology of Trauma . . .
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Amygdala
XIMPLICATIONS FOR:
Behavior
Memory Part 2
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Please Join Us For Part 2!