Disease
A possible disruption in homeostasis
A lack of stability within the body
May be caused by heredity, microorganism, macroorganism, pollutants, organ malfunction, or harmful life choices
Causes of Disease
Microorganisms (protists and bacteria)
Macroorganisms (parasites and fungi)
Viruses
Organ Malfunction
Harmful Lifestyle
Pollutants
Heredity
***Any microorganism (including viruses) or
macroorganism that causes disease is a pathogen
Micro and Macro Organisms
Microorganisms are living things that
cannot be viewed with the naked eye
**Bacteria and Protists (euglena, ameba,
and paramecium) are examples
Macroorganisms are living things that can
be viewed with the naked eye
** Fungi and parasites (various worms) are
examples
The disorders may be airborne or
infectious/ communicable (passes on from
person to person)
Viruses
Are nonliving microorganism type particles that cause disease(pathogen)
May be RNA or DNA in type
Are usually airborne and/or infectious
Harmful lifestyle
The abuse of drugs (legal or illegal)
Stress
Lack of exercise
Poor eating, hygiene, and sexual
experiences
*** These all have the potential to cause
disruptions in your body’s stability or
homeostasis
PollutantsA chemical agent in the environmentthat may upset the stability or overall homeostasis of your body
May be found in the air, food, water, or land
May cause a variety of diseases
HeredityPassing on defective genes from one generation to the next will classify a disease as inherited or hereditary
Many times the parent will not have the actual disease but will have the defective gene (a carrier)
In some cases all you need is one carrierparent while other cases require bothparents to be carriers
Skin (1st line of defense)
Defends the body against invasion
Prevents excessive loss of water
Is nearly impenetrable
Reinforcements for skin protection
Sweat glands
Oil glands
Multiple layers
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous Tissue
Lines of Defense not protected by the
skin (1st line of defense)
Digestive Tract
Respiratory Tract
Urogenital Tract
Cells that kill invaders (2nd line of defense)
Macrophages
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Natural Killer Cells
Immunological function of proteins (2nd line of defense)
Complement system
Causes bacterial or fungal cells to lyseby flooding it with proteins designed to attack the invading cell
Interferons (alpha, beta, gamma)
The proteins function as a messengerthat protects normal cells from infectionwhen they are in the vicinity of infectedcells
Inflammatory Response
Is a localized nonspecific response to an
infection
The infected or injured cells release a
chemical signal that acts as an alarm of
sorts
The affected area becomes red, warm,
and swollen
Temperature Response
Interleukin-1 is released by macrophagesthat encounter invading microbes
Is carried to the brain by the blood
Directs the neurons of the hypothalamus to raise the body’s temperature several degrees above normal to produce a fever
Fever stimulates phagocytosis and causes the spleen and liver to store iron