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The Northeast: Building Industry
An American Studies PresentationBy
Kevin A. TierneyRolling Hills Middle School
Based on Ch. 8 ofThe American Journey
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The Growth of Industry
• From colonial times most people in the Northeast worked on farms.
• Some people worked in their home to manufacture goods.
• In the mid 1700s the way goods were made changed.
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Industrial Revolution
• Changes began in Great Britain.
• Machines were made to perform work, such as cloth making and spinning.
• Machines ran on water power – so mills were built next to rivers and streams.
• Took root in the United States around 1800.
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New England and Industry
• Industrial Revolution came to New England.
• Some left farms for factories.
• Rushing rivers provided power to run the new factories.
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Changing Economy
• U.S. economic system is called Capitalism.
• Free enterprise system.
• Major elements: competition, profit, private property, and economic freedom.
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New Technology
• The invention of new machines fueled the Industrial Revolution.
• The spinning jenny, water frame, and power loom changed the textile industry.
• Eli Whitney’s cotton gin changed cotton production.
• 1790 Congress passed the patent law.
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New England Factories
• British tried to keep their modern factories a secret.
• Samuel Slater came from Britain and started a cotton mill in Rhode Island; duplicating all of the machines he had used in Britain.
• Francis Cabot Lowell launched the “factory system,” where everything was done under one roof.
• Eli Whitney started the use of interchangeable parts.
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Changing Economy
• In 1820s 65% of Americans were farmers.
• Northeast farms were small.• Southern cotton production
led to larger plantations with more slaves.
• Agriculture expanded in the west; southern farmers moved west to grow cotton.
• North of the Ohio R. farmers concentrated on pork, corn, and wheat.
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Economic Independence
• New industry was financed by private investors.
• Low taxes, few government, and competition encouraged people to invest.
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Cities Come of Age• The growth of factories and
trade spurred the growth of cities.
• Older cities prospered; New York, Boston, Baltimore.
• Towns like Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Louisville took advantage of their location next to rivers.
• Streets and sidewalks were unpaved, animals roamed the streets, and there was no sewage system (danger of disease was great).
• Offered many jobs as well as cultural attractions (museums, libraries, shops, etc.)
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A System of Transportation
• In the 1820s, Kentucky congressman Henry Clay prepared the American System.
• American System included building canals and roads to link the South, Northeast, and West together.
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Growth and Movement
• 1790 census showed a population of 4M.– Most lived east of
Appalachians.• 1820 census showed
10M.– 2M lived west of
Appalachians.• Trip west was very
difficult and dangerous.
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Roads and Turnpikes
• Private companies built turnpikes (toll roads) – the tolls paid for construction.
• Corduroy roads in muddy areas.
• 1806 congress approved funds for a National Road.– 1st section from
Maryland to western Virginia opened in 1818.
– Later years it reached Ohio and Vandalia, Illinois.
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River Travel• River travel was more
comfortable but was limited by where the rivers were located and the direction they flowed.
• 1807 Robert Fulton built the Clermont steamboat.
• Traveled from NY to Albany in 32 hours – usually took 4 days.
• Revolutionized passenger travel and shipping of goods.
• Helped to fuel the growth of cities located along major rivers.
• By 1850 more than 700 steamboats traversed the nation’s rivers.
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Canals
• Steamboats were a big advancement but could only go where rivers went.
• New York business and govt. leaders wanted to link NY, NY with the Great Lakes.
• Built a canal across New York State, connecting Albany, on the Hudson R. with Buffalo, on Lake Erie.
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Erie Canal• Thousands of laborers,
many Irish immigrants, worked on the 363 mile Erie Canal.
• Locks were used to raise and lower boats.
• Opened on Oct. 26, 1825. The east and mid-west were now joined.
• In the early days steamboats were not allowed – mules pulled the boats.
• Led to explosion of canal building – by 1850 more than 3600 miles of canals in the U.S.
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Western Settlement
• Americans moved westward in waves.
• 1st wave in 1790 leading to Kentucky, Vermont, Tennessee, and Ohio becoming states.
• 2nd wave in 1816 leading to Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama and Missouri becoming states.
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Shifting Population• In 1800 Ohio had 45,000
people; by 1820 it had 581,000.
• Originally pioneers settled near major rivers but canals later allowed them to spread out.
• Men enjoyed sports like wrestling; women met for quilting or sewing.
• Did not have many conveniences but did have an opportunity for a better life.
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Transportation & Daily Life
• Better transportation meant:– Buy goods produced
in distant places.– 1825 Congress
established home mail delivery.
– 1847 first postage stamp is issued.
– With mail came newspapers.
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Northern Factories• Industrialization created new
challenges for the men, women, and children who worked in factories.
• Factories produced shoes, guns, watches, sewing machines, etc.
• Between 1820-1860 more and more workers entered factories.
• Long work days – 11.4 hours in 1840.
• Tired employees had more accidents.
• Factories had no heating or cooling – hot in the summer; freezing in the winter.
• Owners cared more about money than workers – there were always more workers waiting for jobs.
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Attempts to Organize• By 1830s workers were
organizing to try and get better working conditions.
• In mid 1830s New York workers staged a series of strikes for higher wages and a 10 hour work day.
• Skilled workers formed the General Trades Union of New York.
• Early 1800s striking workers could be fired.
• 1842 a Massachusetts court ruled workers had a right to strike.
• Would be many years before workers received federal protection to strike.
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African American Workers
• By 1820 slavery was largely gone from the north.
• Discrimination and prejudiced still thrived.
• African Americans were often banned from schools, voting, and public places.
• Some found success:– Henry Boyd – furniture
manufacturer– Samuel Cornish and John
Russwurm – Freedom’s Journal newspaper.
– Macon B. Allen – 1st African American lawyer.
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Women Workers
• Women were discriminated against:– Lower wages– Excluded from joining
unions.• Some women tried to
organize female unions.• Lowell Female Labor
Reform Organization petitioned for a 10 hour day in 1845. – Legislature ignored the
petition because it came from women.
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Rise of Cities
• Industrialization led to the growth of cities.
• By 1860 New York had 800,000 people and Philly had 500,000.
• St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Louisville grew into major cities on the Mississippi R.
• Buffalo, Detroit, Chicago, and Milwaukee grew along the Great Lakes.
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Immigration
• American manufacturers welcomed immigrants.
• Immigration increased dramatically btwn 1840 and 1860.
• Largest group was the Irish driven from their homeland by famine.
• Germans were the second largest group driven from home by a failure of a democratic revolution.– Had more money than the
Irish and could afford small farms or open businesses.
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Immigration Impact
• 1820-1860 Immigrants changed the country.
• Brought their languages, religions, customs, etc.
• Most Americans were Protestants – now many Catholics arrived.
• Germans lived in own communities with German publications and musical societies.
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Immigrants Face Prejudice
• Had heard of U.S.A. in advertisements or from family letters.
• Some Americans didn’t like the new immigrants; especially the Irish – they were Catholic and sounded funny.
• Nativists believed immigrants threatened the American way of life.
• Accused of taking jobs from Americans and bringing disease and crime.
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Know Nothing• Nativists began to
create secret anti-Catholic societies.
• 1850s formed the Know Nothing political party.
• By 1854 they were a force in American politics.
• Called for stricter citizenship laws and to ban foreign born citizens from holding office.
• Split in the mid 1850s over issue of slavery.