The Origins of American PoliticsThe Origins of American Politics1789-18201789-1820
U.S. History IU.S. History I
Washington Heads the New Washington Heads the New GovernmentGovernment
April 30, 1789: George Washington sworn in April 30, 1789: George Washington sworn in as 1as 1stst President of the United States of President of the United States of America. America.
Washington’s Washington’s AdministrationAdministration::
John AdamsJohn Adams: Vice President: Vice President Edmund RandolphEdmund Randolph: Attorney General: Attorney General Henry KnoxHenry Knox: Secretary of War: Secretary of War Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson: Secretary of State: Secretary of State Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton: Secretary of the : Secretary of the
Treasury Treasury
George Washington’s George Washington’s confidence in the new confidence in the new government-government-
““That the government, though not That the government, though not absolutely perfect, is one of the best absolutely perfect, is one of the best in the world, I have little doubt…It in the world, I have little doubt…It was indeed next to a miracle that was indeed next to a miracle that there should have been so much there should have been so much unanimity (agreement), in points of unanimity (agreement), in points of Citizens, so widely scattered, and so Citizens, so widely scattered, and so different in their habits in many different in their habits in many respects as the Americans were.”respects as the Americans were.”
Lasting impact of the Lasting impact of the Revolutionary War:Revolutionary War:
Sec of Treasury: Alexander HamiltonSec of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton Goal: pay off debts & make country Goal: pay off debts & make country
economically stableeconomically stable
Hamilton’s Economic Hamilton’s Economic Plan:Plan:
National gov’t assumed the debts National gov’t assumed the debts acquired by the states during the waracquired by the states during the war
Tariff would raise moneyTariff would raise money-Tax on imported goods (whiskey tax)-Tax on imported goods (whiskey tax)
-Paid creditors interest-Paid creditors interest
Est. the Bank of the United States in Est. the Bank of the United States in 17911791
First Bank of the United First Bank of the United StatesStates
The nation’s new capitol: The nation’s new capitol: Washington D.C.Washington D.C.
Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion Western settlers’ uprising over the tax on Western settlers’ uprising over the tax on
whiskey. whiskey. Washington declares martial law…heads out Washington declares martial law…heads out
with 12,000 men to end the revoltwith 12,000 men to end the revolt
George Washington and his troops near Fort Cumberland, Maryland, before their march to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania.
A tax collector is tarred and feathered during the Whiskey Rebellion
Hamilton vs. JeffersonHamilton vs. Jefferson
Loose ConstructionLoose Construction– (Federalists)(Federalists)
Strict ConstructionStrict Construction– (Jeffersonian (Jeffersonian
Republicans)Republicans)
Americans Split Over the French Revolution
Citizen Edmond Genet: French minister to the US. Mission: win Americans’ support for
French
Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality (pg. 5 packet)
Jay’s Treaty
Chief Justice John JayBetween the US and Britain in which
Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the Northwest Territory
The Election of 1796
•Washington chose not to run for a 3rd term
•1st true election:
John Adams (Federalists)VS.
Thomas Jefferson (Republicans)
2nd President=Adams/VP=Jefferson
Adams as President• French angry about Jay’s Treaty
– “Quasi-War” • Seize American ships in French harbors
• Rioting in Philadelphia
• Wave of Immigrants– French: escaping “Reign of Terror”– Irish: anti-British
X,Y,Z Affair
Elbridge Gerry, Charles Pinckney, John Marshall: go to Paris to patch things up
Meet “secret agents” X,Y,Z– Demand $250,000 cash and $10 loan in
order to meet with the French foreign minister
The bribe and riot in Philadelphia convinced Adams and the Federalists that France was no longer a friend of the United States!
VS
The Age of Jefferson
March 4, 1801: Sworn in as 3rd President Thomas Jefferson is the first President
inaugurated in the new capital city of Washington D.C.
First Inaugural Address(don’t need to copy down)
Essential Principles of Government “equal and exact justice to all men” “peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all
nations” “the support of state governments” “the preservation of general government” punishment for those who choose to revolt compliance with the decisions of the majority
Essential Principles of Government Cont…(don’t need to copy down)
“a well disciplined militia” honest payment of debts maintaining a sound economy proper distribution of information freedom of religion freedom of the press
Jeffersonian Philosophy
Strict interpretation of Constitution=weak central gov’t
Small gov’t and less taxes Agricultural society Sided with the French Presidency with no trappings
John Marshall’s Court (1801-1835)John Marshall’s Court (1801-1835)
Sought to increase Sought to increase Court’s and fed. Court’s and fed. gov’t power gov’t power
Federalist ideasFederalist ideas Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison
Judicial reviewJudicial review McCullough v. McCullough v.
MarylandMaryland Implied powersImplied powers
Supreme Court ChambersSupreme Court Chambers
Louisiana Purchase
France secretly acquired territory in 1800
Napoleon willing to sell for war $ Mission sent to buy N.O. Bought the whole territory for $15
million Purchasing land not mentioned in
Constitution
April 30, 1803 Robert Livingston & James Monroe signed the
Louisiana Purchase Treaty in Paris The United States paid $15 million for the land,
roughly 4 cents per acre The purchase added 828,000 square miles of
land west of the Mississippi to the United States July 4 the Louisiana Purchase is publicly
announced
Lewis and Clark lead the Corps of Discovery…
January 18, 1803 Jefferson asks Congress
for funds to explore the land west of the Mississippi
His goal is to find a water route to the Pacific
May 1804 Meriwether Lewis and
William Clark depart on the expedition
Into the Unknown…
Barbary Wars
May 1801 Pasha of Tripoli declares war with the U.S. b/c
President Jefferson refused to make the immediate payment of $225,000 and the annual payment of $25,000.
On the 20th Jefferson sent the first naval fleet to the area. The ships included the President, Philadelphia, Essex
and Enterprise
Maps of Barbary Wars & Tripoli
1803 – Jefferson faces much criticism for his decisions made regarding the war
The Philadelphia runs aground in the Tripoli Harbor and it crew and captain are taken captive
He is forced to make several command changes.
Realizing that there was no way to recapture the Philadelphia, Commodore Preble devises a plan to destroy the ship
February 4, 1804 the Philadelphia was destroyed.
August 3, 1804 the first attack against Tripoli took place when the Constitution’s guns fired on the city.
September 1804 – the final battle took place in the Tripoli Harbor
September 1804 – Commodore Barron arrived with backup for Commodore Preble Commodore Barron, who is senior in rank to Preble,
continued the blockade and started looking for a new way to peace
Shortly after Commodore Barron arrive, Commodore Preble retired
June 4, 1805 after the Pasha of Tripoli had been replaced, a treaty was made with the United States and the prisoners were released.