Download - The Phylum Ctenophora
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The Phylum Ctenophora
Ktenos = combPhoros = bearing
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How do Ctenophores differ from Sponges?
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Characteristics of Ctenophora
• 8 rows of combs (cilia)• Radially symmetrical• Body consists of two layers
with a third layer called mesoglea (jelly-like substance)
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Characteristics of Ctenophora
• Body contains an internal cavity and a mouth and anal pores
• No respiratory or circulatory system; simple diffusion
• Sexual Reproduction – hermaphrodites• All are carnivorous; capture prey with ten
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Benthic (bottom dwelling) Ctenophores
• Order Platyctenida.• Found in warm water• Branched tentacles• Look more like sea slugs
Vallicula multiformis
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Coastal Ctenophores
• Order Cydippida– Round or oblong in shape– Usually less than 3 cm (1
inch) in diameter
Sea gooseberryPleurobranchia pileus
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Coastal Ctenophores
• Order Lobata– Largest– Pair of lobes that are used to capture prey– Short tentacles that remain inside the lobes.
Common northern comb jellyBolinopsis infundibulum
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Coastal Ctenophores
• Order Beroida– Flat and grows up to 15cm– Translucent: light pink or yellowish
Beroe’s comb jelly
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Oceanic Ctenophores
• Found far off-shore near the surface• More fragile than coastal species • Wing-like
Venus’ girdleCestum veneris
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Tortugas red
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Ctenophore life cycle
• Hermaphroditic, both egg and sperm.• Eggs and sperm released and fertilized at sea. • Fertilized eggs develop into a larval stage
which gradually grows into an adult.
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Ctenophore life-scattering/bioluminescence:
• beating rows of cilia; light defraction• Most Ctenophores are bioluminescent.
Beroe
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How do ctenophores fit into the food web?
• All ctenophores are carnivores. • Sticky tentacles adhere to small zooplankton
prey which is to the ctenophore’s mouth.
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Ctenophores as marine invaders wreaking ecosystems:
• Ctenophores are recognized to be planktonic carnivores
• Leidy’s comb jelly (Mnemiopsis leidyi) was introduced into the Black sea and caused a full ecosystem fisheries collapse within less than 10 years– Why? • Outcompeted for plankton
Order Lobate
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Ctenophores and Medusae (Jellyfish) are they related?
• No• Both are plank tonic, carnivorous, often
transparent and tentacle bearing• At one time, they were both placed in Phylum
Coelenterata but today they are separated.• No polyp stage in Ctenophores
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How are Phyla Porifera and Ctenophora similar? Different?
2 layers: EndodermEctoderm
Hermaphrodite
No digestive or respiratory system
Porifera: Sponges Ctenophora: Comb jellies
Asymmetrical symmetrySessileFilter feederRegenerationNo true tissues or organs
Radial symmetryMobileCarnivorousCiliaTentaclesBioluminescenceMouth/anal pores
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How are Phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora similar? Different?
2 layers: EndodermEctodermMesoglea Radial symmetryCarnivorousMobileGastrovascular cavityTentaclesplanktonic
Cnidaria: Jelly fish Ctenophora: Comb jellies
Cnidocytes – cells containing nematocytes (stinging cells) Medusa/polpy
Cilia8 comb rowsBioluminescenceCollarblasts – sticky cells