Transcript
Page 1: The Post-Napoleonic Order

The Post-Napoleonic Order

1815-1832

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The Congress of Vienna

Established Congress System to restore balance of power

– European powers meet to discuss problems in Europe and to intervene if there is unrest

Goal to prevent further revolutions To restore legitimate rulers who were overthrown by

Napoleon Faced two problems: Nationalism and Liberalism

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The Challenge of Nationalism

Germany– German people living within different German states– Some want all Germans to be one nation

Italy– Italian people living under small Italian states or

foreign occupation– Some want all Italians to be one nation

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The Challenge of Nationalism

Austria– Twenty different nationalities within Austrian Empire– Germans in charge, though a minority– Each nationality wants to be a separate nation

Russia– Poles and other nationalities want independence

Britain– Irish want independence

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The Challenge of Liberalism

Liberalism– The French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars

challenge old order of Divine Right and aristocratic rule

– Demand for constitutional government– Representation in government– Civil liberties– But only for the middle class

Conservatives want to go back to before 1789

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The Legacy of the French Revolution

Romanticism– Reaction to the Enlightenment– Questioning of Reason and Rationality– Return to nature and emphasis on pure emotion– Influence in literature, art, and music

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The Legacy of Napoleon

Napoleon inspires German nationalism– Revival of German folk tales – Inspired German national identity

The role of history– G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831)– German philosopher– Believed history moves in cycles and clashes of ideas

Thesis, antithesis, synthesis– Fitche - Belief in the role of individual in history

Great men move history forward

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The Conservatives Strike Back

Austria– Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859)

Austrian chancellor Prevents reforms in Austria Prevents German states from uniting

Prussia– Frederick William III opposes constitutional

government– “Junkers” remain in charge

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The Conservatives Strike Back

The Carlsbad Decrees– German university students form groups supporting

German unificationBurschenschaften

– Carlsbad Decrees issued by German Confederation in 1819

Banned student groups Imposed censorship Forbade discussion on German unification

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The Conservatives Strike Back

Russia– Decembrist Revolt (1825)– Army officers attempt a revolt against Czar Nicholas

I on December 1825– Demand a constitution and Nicholas’ brother

Constantine as Czar– Revolt ruthlessly put down– Nicholas I also puts down revolt in Poland in 1830

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The Conservatives Strike Back

France– Bourbons restored under Louis XVIII– Became a constitutional monarchy– Charter keeps most of the gains of the Revolution– Torn in conflict between liberals and conservatives– Repression returns by 1821

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The Conservatives Strike Back

Britain– Workers and farmers agitate against government

taxes– Parliament passes Combination Acts outlawing

unions in 1799– Peterloo Massacre

Army fires on striking workers Parliament passes Six Acts in 1819 restricting free speech

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Revolution Erupts

Greece– Part of the Ottoman Empire for 500 years– Greeks launch revolution in 1821

Has the sympathy of other European powers– Greek Revolution shows weakness of the Ottoman

Empire Spurs “Eastern Question”

– Greece becomes independent kingdom– Serbia also declares independence

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Revolution Erupts

Latin America– French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars lead

Spanish and Portuguese colonies to declare independence in 1820

– Most of the emerging countries undemocratic and poor

– Britain keeps Spain and Portugal from regaining colonies

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Revolution Erupts

France – Revolution of 1830

Louis XVIII dies in 1824, Charles X succeeds him Charles X attempts to roll back constitutional government Overthrown in 1830; Louis Philippe becomes King France remains a constitutional monarchy under control of

the middle class

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Revolution Erupts

Belgium– Added to Holland in 1815– Belgians demand their independence

Based on nationalism; Belgians are Catholic, Dutch are Protestant

– Belgium becomes an independent kingdom Protection assured by major European powers

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Revolution Erupts

Britain– No revolution, but makes reforms– Catholic Emancipation Act (1829) allows Irish

Catholics to vote and hold office in Ireland– Great Reform Bill (1832) expands electorate by

including the middle class

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Conclusion

Europe after the Napoleonic Wars torn in struggle between conservatism and nationalism and liberalism

Conservatives try to reverse the influences of the French Revolution

Each country tries to deal with the consequences of the new order

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The Revolution of 1848“The Springtime of Peoples”

“The turning point at which history failed to turn.”-- George Macaulay Trevelyn

[1937]

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Revolutions of 1848

Causes (Simplistic) – Liberals from middle class demand rights– Economic slowdown– Poor harvests– Nationalism among European minorities

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Revolution of 1848

France– Ruled by Louis Philippe since 1830– Corruption in the government– Poor harvests– High prices for food– Working class demonstrate in Paris

Women demanded equal rights Demand workshops and relief for unemployed Soldiers fire on workers Louis Philippe abdicates February 24, 1848

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Revolution of 1848

Second Republic declared– Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte Elected President of the Second Republic in 1848 Takes power in 1851; constitution did not allow president to

be reelected Declared himself Emperor Napoleon III in 1852

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Revolution of 1848

Austria– Nationalism among minorities – Hungarians (Magyars) demand independence– Students lead uprising in Vienna– Metternich resigns and leaves the country– Emperor Ferdinand I agrees to a liberal constitution

under pressure Ferdinand abdicates in 1848; nephew Francis Joseph

becomes Emperor and takes back the constitution

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Revolution of 1848

Austria– Magyar Revolt

Hungarians demand autonomy for Hungary Demand to rule over other minorities “Magyarization” Put down by the Austrians with Russian help

– Czech Revolt Slavs in Bohemia and Moravia demand same autonomy as in Hungary Beginning of Pan-Slavism Slavs from all over Europe want to unite into one state

– Used by the Russians to further their goals Put down by the Austrians

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Revolution of 1848

Italy– Divided into separate city-states– Northern Italy under Austrian rule

Italians revolt against the Austrians Put down by the Austrian army

– Revolution spreads through other parts of Italy Led by Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi

– Revolutions put down by French troops

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Revolution of 1848

Germany– Revolution in Prussia

Liberals demand reforms Frederick William IV agrees to reforms New constitution written Voting based on taxes paid

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Revolution of 1848

Germany– The Frankfurt Assembly

Liberals demand changes to the German confederation Liberals meet in Frankfurt to write a new constitution for a

united Germany Had no support from military or German rulers Disputes over borders of a united Germany Crown offered to Frederick William IV of Prussia

– Says, “No, thanks.” Germany’s last chance at a democracy for 100 years

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Conclusion

Unrest throughout Europe caused Revolution of 1848

Liberals desired greater political participation Nationalities demanded independence Conservatives manage to put down rebellions Few revolutionary goals achieved Moderate liberals withdrew when more radical

demands are presented


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