Download - The Process Model - Taibi Kahler
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Personality Types, Miniscripts & Adaptations
Taibi Kahler
www.pcmoceania.com
process communication model can be utilised in so many different areas of life. in motivation, in conflict resolution, in learning how
second by second, interaction by interaction an employee, colleague, family member or friend can be motivated to be the very best they can possibly be.
The Process Model
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The Process Model: Personality Types, miniscripts, and Adaptations
Abstract
TheauthorchronicleshisProcessModelfromtheminiscripttohisresearchbasedsixPersonalityTypes.PaulWaresDoorsareexpandedintosixperceptions,andhisAdaptationsareidentifiedinminiscriptbehaviorsofthreedegreesofdistress,includingDrivers,failuremechanisms,games,injunctions,rackets,egostates,roles,myths,issues,impasses,probableearlydecisions,andscripts.
Newevidenceispresentedincontrasttoclassicaltheoryofthescriptingofcounterscriptsandinjunctions.
ThesignificanceofDriversandscripts,andhowtodealwitheachisexplained.Treatmentapproachesforeachminiscript/Adaptationareoffered,withidentifyingthetransactionandperceptiontocontacteach,aswellastheissueuponwhichtofocus.ExamplesofintegratingGestalt,Rogerian,Cognitive,RationalEmotive,Behavior,andAsklepieiontherapiesaregiven.
MyinterestinprocessbeganbyconcentratingonfunctionalanalysisanddiscoveringDrivers(19691971).Astheyweredefinedanddescribedasfunctionalcounterscripts,theywereobservablebywords,tones,gestures,posture,andfacialexpressions,unliketraditionalstructuralcounterscriptsthatweretheorizedandhypothesized.TheprocessadvantagesofDriversincludedassessingthemsecondbysecondtodifferentiatethemfromapositivefunctionalegostate,verifyingthattheylastedmomentarily,observingthattheyprecededrackets,anddeterminingthattheywerehousedfunctionallyinNPandAC.Furthermore,asDriverswereneitherobservableinanypositive(OKOK)functionalegostates,norinaCP,VC,orACwithrackets,alogicalcorollaryindicatedtheexistenceofafifthlifeposition:OKif(Ernst,1971;Kahler,1975a),whichfurthercorroboratedaprocesssequence.
MyacademicinterestinprocessbeganwithmyMasterofSciencedegreethesis:Theeffectsofteachermanagementprocesscodeviavideotapefeedbackontheverbalbehaviorofstudentteachers(Kahler,1971).
Withthediscoveryoftheminiscript(19711972),Ibecamemoreinterestedinprocesssequences:(1)anorderofcathectingnegativefunctionalegostates(KahlerwithCapers,1974,1975b);(2)anorderofinterringtheDramaTriangle(Karpman,1968;KahlerwithCapers,1974),withDriversattheRescuerorVictim(ofaRescuer)roles;(3)anorderofstartinggames,withDriversatConandGimmick.(Berne,1970;KahlerwithCapers,1974).Researchwasneeded.In1972IreceivedmydoctoratefromPurdueUniversity.IhadcreatedaTAinventoryanduseditinmyresearch:PredictingAcademicUnderachievementinNinthandTwelfthGradeMaleswiththeKahlerTransactionalAnalysisScriptChecklist(Kahler,1972).Interestedinfurthervalidatingmyinventory,Icontinuedtogatherdatawithit.Afterasufficientlylargesamplepopulationsize,Iconductedafactoranalysisandaskedastatisticsprofessorforhisevaluationandinterpretation.
Theresultswereatfirstdisappointing,inthatthestrongestcorrelationswerejustwithDriversandscripts.Thestatistician,however,pointedouttomethatwhateverIwasresearchingdidhavesignificance.Thedatanaturallyfellintosix,mutuallyexclusiveclustersatahighenoughsignificancenottoberandom.
SeveralyearslaterIrealizedthattheseclusterswereactuallythefoundationfortheProcessCommunicationModel(PCM)(Kahler,1982a)andtheProcessTherapyModelTM(PTM)(Kahler,1978)tobecomprisedofsixPersonalityTypes.
Interestingly,thecorrelationsbetweentheDriversandmainlifescriptspresentedabreakthroughinscripttheory.SomeoftheoriginalTAtheoristspostulatedthatthescriptwasaresultofscriptinjunctions.MyresearchclearlyshowedcorrelationsbetweenDrivers(functionalcounterscripts)andthelifescripts.
OfallhisworkIwasmostfascinatedbyBernesexplanationandinterpretationofthescriptdynamicsofMrs.Sayers,describedinhis1961bookTransactionalAnalysisinPsychotherapy(Berne,p.124).
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The Process Model: Personality Types, miniscripts, and Adaptations
Hehadanalyzedherbehaviorsecondbysecondanddiscoveredherwholelifescriptwhichshehadrepeatedlyplayedoutovervaryinglengthsoftimerangingfromapassingmomenttoseveralyears.Howincrediblethetelescopingofawholescriptintoafewseconds.
Bythesummerof1971IhaddiscoveredhowDriversreinforcelifescriptsthousandsoftimesaday.AswemoveintoDrivers,energyisdrainedfromtheAdult,andthisaffectshowwe(preconsciously)structureourthoughts,asevidencedbyDrivercontaminatedsentencepatterns.(KahlerwithCapers,1974;Kahler,1975a;Kahler,1975c).Iconfirmedmostofmyobservationsbyaresearchstudy(Kahler,1982b),resultinginthefollowinginformation.
1982KahlerCommunications,Inc.
Inamannerofminutesitispossibletodetermineapersonswholelifescriptsimplybylisteningcarefullytosentencepatterns.Thishasshowntobeaccurateacrossculturesandlanguages.
Ina1975articleintheTAJcalledScripts:ProcessandContent(Kahler),Iresolvedclassictheorywithcurrentscriptdiscoveriesintoasynthesizedmodel.Drivers(functionalcounterscripts)formthelifescript,
andinjunctionsdeliveredfunctionallythroughCP,VC,andAC(+)determinetheintensityofthelifescript.
So,aprocessLifeScriptisafalsebelieforiginatinginDrivers,reinforcedthroughsentencepatterns,andreplayedthroughoutlifeinintensityasafunctionofdistress.
Knowingaclientsscriptallowsthetherapistpredictabilityofbehaviorintreatment.Thisisthecaseinlifeaswell:wefoundthispredictabilityofscriptsveryusefulinworkingwithastronautsatNASA(Kahler,2008,pp.241243).
AfterScriptTheseclientsoveradapttononnurturingtherapists,andinsodoingmaysabotagetreatment.Theirexperienceis,Ihadafeelingthiswouldntwork.Ifeltthetherapistreallydidntlikeme.
UntilScriptTheseclientsmayputoffdoingnew,therapysuggestedbehaviorsuntiltheycanbeassuredofdoingitperfectly.
AlwaysScriptSomeoftheseclientsTryhardwithnonplayfultherapists,andmayendupleavingtherapy,blamingthetherapist.Someoftheseclientswhofendforthemselvesinlife,interpretnonconfrontationaltherapistsasineffectivevictims,andcornerthemwithmanipulationsofnonpayment,missedappointmentsorotherredefinitions.
NeverScriptTheseclientsmayneverfinalizeanewtherapydecisionintoaction,especiallywithanondirectivetherapist.
AlmostIScriptTheseclientsalmostgetwhattheywantmostfromtherapy.Thisismostlikelytohappenifthetherapistisnonnurturingandnonplayful.
AlmostII(professional)ClientswiththisScriptwillappeartohavegottenwhattheywantedintreatmentbutdonotgeneralizeandincorporateitintotheirprofessionallife.
AlmostII(personal)ClientswiththisScriptneedtodealwitheitherorboth,DontenjoyorDonthavefun.Iftheywillfailtodealwitheitherinjunction,theyarelikelytoplaythemartyrintheirrelationships.
PaulWareandImetin1974,andbecamelifelongfriends.Afterattendedaweeklong
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The Process Model: Personality Types, miniscripts, and Adaptations
seminarIhaddoneinearly1975inDulzura,California,PaulhostedaseminarformelaterthatyearinShreveport,Louisiana,inwhichI:(1)presentedsixbasicminiscripts,eachreinforcingadifferentlifescript;and(2)demonstratedthepositivetransactionstoofferwhenapersonshowsaDriver.
WhenofferedRespondwith
Beperfect(formeoryou)A A
Bestrong(formeoryou)+CP A
TryhardFC FC
Pleaseyou+NP FC
ThesesixformsofthefiveDriverswerethosecorrelatedeachtoadifferentclusterintheoriginal1972research(Kahler,1982b),soIcontinuedtofocusprimarilyonthem.
In1976PaulWareandIcoledamarathoninShreveport,Louisiana.
WhatIhadbeendoingbyselectingdifferenttransactionstousetoconnectwithaclientdependingontheirprimaryDriver,Paulwasdoingwithselectingfeelings,thoughtsorbehaviorsinordertoconnectwithaperson.WhereasIfocusedoninterveningatbeginningdistressedbehavior(i.e.,withbeingpresentedaDriver),PaullookedatthepersonsOKfunctioning,anddeterminedhowbesttoconnectwiththeclientinhis/herpreferenceoffeelings,thoughts,orbehaviors.
Note:SevenyearslaterPaulhadrefinedhisconceptoftherapydoors,andwhathecalledsixAdaptations,andwroteanarticleinthe1983TransactionalAnalysisJournalentitledPersonalityAdaptations(Ware).Thiswasamilestonecontributiontopsychotherapyasitfocusedontheindividualclient.
In1977IfinishedTransactionalAnalysisRevisited(Kahler,1978).PaulWarewrotetheintroduction:TaibihasenlargedonhisProcessSchoolofTAhisProcessTherapywillbecomeanimportantcontributiontopsychology.ProcessTherapyisexplained,withcaseillustrations,clinicalapplications,andscript(tape)supervision.
LaterthatyearIreceivedtheEricBerneMemorialScientificAwardfortheMiniscript(KahlerwithCapers,1974).
In1978IwrotetheProcessCommunicationModelinBrief(Kahler,1978),andManagingwiththeProcessCommunicationModel:Selecting,Retaining,Motivating(Kahler,1979a).Ireasonedthatiftherearesixclustersofnegativebehavior(thesixscriptsandthesixclustersfromthe1972research),thentherearesixclustersofpositivebehaviors.HedgesCapers(1974)hadsuggestedtheOKminiscript.JackDusayhadconceivedoftheEgogram(1972),whichalthoughmeasuringbothpositiveandnegativeegostates,stillsuggestedthatwehaveanorderofpositiveegostatesinus.PaulWaresDoors(1983)stronglyarguedforanindividualpreferentialsequence.
IcoinedthetermPersonalityTypestoemphasizethattheyarenotclinicaldiagnosticcategories,andthattheyhavepositivebehaviorsassociatedwiththem.MytermsarePersister,Reactor,Workaholic,Promoter,Rebel,andDreamer.PaulWareisreferencedforhisDoorsandAdaptations.
In1979IwroteandpublishedtheProcessTherapyinBrief.(Kahler,1979b),inwhichI(1)separatedtheProcessCommunicationModel(fornonclinicalapplications)andtheProcessTherapyModel(forclinicalapplications)byusingdifferentterminology,referencingPaulWareandcallingthePersonalityTypeAdaptations:Doubters,Overreactors,Workaholics,Manipulators,Disapprovers,Daydreamers,andaddaseventh,Cyclers;(2)describedanddiagrammedtheminiscriptintermsofthreedegreesofdistresswords,tones,gestures,andfacialexpressionsaregivenforeach,aswellaslifepositions,myths,androles;(3)offeredhowtoassessaclient:Quadrize,Contactize,andDriverize;(4)created,presentedandexplainedtheAssessingMatrixTM:theverticalaxisisforgoal,thehorizontalforpeople.Activeindicatesinitiatingandinternalmotivation,whilePassiveindicatesexternalmotivation;(5)placedThoughts,Feelings,Reactions,andActionstheAssessingMatrix;(6)placedDriversontheAssessingMatrix;(7)putOverreactors,Doubters,Disapprovers,Manipulators,Daydreamers,Workaholics,andCyclerson
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The Process Model: Personality Types, miniscripts, and Adaptations
theAssessingMatrix;(8)suggestedtraits,Drivers,stoppers(functionalscriptinjunctions),rackets,games,scripts,anddynamicsforeachType;(9)showedDriversandscriptsontheAssessingMatrix;(10)providedatableforwhatpositivetransaction(Channel)andcontactareatousewitheachType;(11)gaveatableforthecontact,target,andtrapforeachType;and(12)offeredatablefortherapistclientpotentiallyincompatibleAdaptations.
In1978ItheorizedthatpersonalitystructureiscomprisedofsixPersonalityTypes;discoveranddefinePhasesandPhasing;andbeginresearch.ForseveralyearsIhadbeenconceivingofpersonalitystructureasalayeringofsix"positive"PersonalityTypeswithineachindividual.Iwasnotjustlookingatclinical,distressed,ormaladaptivebehaviorsofpeople,butatallthepositivebehaviorsaswell.Ivisualizedasixfloorhouse,withadifferentsetofpositivepersonalitytraitsoneachfloor.IhypothesizedwhatthesepositivetraitswouldbeforeachofsixPersonalityTypes,thatIcalledReactors,Workaholics,Persisters,Dreamers,Rebels,andPromoters.(Inowwantedneutralterms,asIwasnotjustfocusingonmypreviousTAclinicalminiscriptviewofthem.)Suchhypothesizedtraitsincluded:characterstrengths,positiveegostates(personalityparts)andpositivetransactions(channelsofcommunication),perceptions,environmentalpreferences,managementandinteractionstyles,facialexpressions,home/officepreferences,andpsychologicalneedmotivators.Iwasnolongerlookingatjustasinglenegativepatternofapersonclinically,butratherseeingeachpersonashavingapersonalitystructuremadeupofsixPersonalityTypesavailabletohim,insomemeasurableorder.AsIcontemplatedthis,Iaskedmyselfquestionafterquestion:Whyarepeoplemotivatedbydifferentpsychologicalneedsatdifferenttimesintheirlives?WhydoesntapersonsprimaryDrivereverchangeeventhoughheorshemighthaveadifferentdistresssequence?Whydoesapersonhaveadifferentscriptatdifferenttimesintheirlife?Whydosomepeopledemonstratenotjustonebuttwodistresssequences,
dependinguponthelevelofdistresstheyareunder?
AsIaskedmyselfthesequestions,Ithoughtofhowmanypeoplechangethroughouttheirlifetime,asifgoingthroughpassagesgrowingfromthepaindifferentinattitude,butsameintheirbasicstructure.Irememberedwhatseemedlikedifferentphasesofmylife.AsIdid,IrealizedthatineachofthesephasesIhadadifferentminiscriptsequence,aswellasdifferentpsychologicalneeds,althoughIwasbasicallythesameperson.
Ihadaburstofinsight.PeoplestartoutwiththeminiscriptthatmatchesthefirstorBaseflooroftheirsixfloorpersonalitycondominium.Whentheydontgetthepsychologicalneed(s)associatedwiththePersonalityTypeonthatfloormetpositively,theyshowtheminiscriptofthatTypeinordertogetthesameneedmetnegatively.
Furthermore,eachminiscripthasakeyissueassociatedwithit.Ifapersondoesnotdealwiththatissue,hewillbestuckinthatfloorrelatedminiscript.Whenhefinallyexperiencestheunderlyingauthenticfeelingandresolvestheissue,hewillthenPhasetohisnextfloor,andhaveanewminiscript,newpotentialissue,andnewpsychologicalneedmotivationinhislife.Hestillwillhavetherelativeorderofpositivecharacteristicsoftheirpersonalitystructure,justmore.
Researchwasneeded.Thetimingwasperfect.IhadbeenhiredbyDr.TerryMcGuire,NASAspsychiatristinchargeofselectionandcrewmanagement,toworkwithhiminchoosingastronauts.Hundredsofthebestofthebestwerebeinginterviewed,butweneededamoreefficientselectionprocess.NASAhelpedfundaresearchvalidationofapencilandpaperinventorytodowhatweweredoinginperson.Itgavemetheopportunitytoexpandintononclinicalapplications,aswellastestmyhypotheses.
Theresearchtookseveralyears.Byearly1982theresearchwascompletedwithinterestingresults(Kahler,1982b).Nowthe1972researchmadesense.WhenIwentbacktoitandinsertedthenewhypothesis,
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The Process Model: Personality Types, miniscripts, and Adaptations
thedatabecamesignificantatthe>.01level(Kahler,2008,p.271).ThereasonthatIdidnotgetthecorrelationalsignificanceatfirstwasthatIdidntfactorinPhasinginlife.Forexample,onlyoneoutofthreepeoplewithaPleaseyoudriver(BaseReactorPersonalityType)willhavealloftheaforementionedminiscriptbehaviors,becausetheyhavenotPhased.TwooutofthreeoftheseReactorswillhavePhased,andconsequentlywillhaveadifferentdistresssequencethatofthefloorPersonalityTypeofthePhase.ThePersonalityPatternInventoryTMwasvalidatedbothforclinicalandnonclinicalapplications(Kahler,1982b).
TheseresearchfindingsincludedconfirmationofthesixpositivePersonalityTypes,eachwithitsownmeasuredamountofenergyandorderofcharacterstrengths,environmentalpreference,perception,psychologicalneeds,managementstyle,personalitypart,andchannel.TheresearchalsoidentifiedthenormalmanagementdistresssequenceofthecurrentPhasetheindividualisin,aswellastheseveremanagementdistresssequenceofhisfirstfloorBasePersonalityType.IvalidatedthateachPersonalityTypehasacertainpsychologicalneed(s),andthatwhennotmetpositively,theindividualwillattempttogettheverysameneed(s)metnegativelywithorwithoutawareness.ThisshowedhowandwhyPCMcouldaccuratelypredictdistressbehaviorsinastronautsandtherestofus.
In1982IwroteandpublishedtheProcessCommunicationManagementSeminarwithprofilereport(Kahler,1982a)andtheProcessCommunicationModelSeminarwithprofilereport(Kahler,1983),eachcomputergeneratedbypaperandpencilPersonalityPatternInventory(Kahler,1982b).Theresultsoftheresearchstudieswereputinseminarmaterial,copyrightedandregistered,withthefirst3dayseminarinApril,1982.InattendanceweresuchTAnotablesasHedgesCapers,MichaelBrown,andLucieKing.
Thedatathatwasderivedfromtheresearchincludedthefollowing:
(1)PersonalityTypesarecorrelatedtobothpositiveandnegativebehaviors.PaulWares3DoorsareshowntobesixmutuallyexclusiveDoors,behaviorallyobservableasperceptions;
WareDoorsKahlerResearchPerceptions
FeelingsEmotions
ThoughtsThoughtsOpinions
ActionsBehaviorsReactions(likes/dislike)Inactions(reflections)
Inotherwords,eachtimeapersonisinanOKOKplace(i.e.,ononeofthepersonalityfloorsofhis/hercondominium),s/heenergizesthatperceptionandexperienceslifethatway,asreflectedbybehaviorsespeciallywords.ThefollowinggivesabeginningunderstandingofthesePersonalityTypeperceptionwords(Kahler,1982a).
Thoughts(logic)floor:IthinkWhatoptionsDoesthatmeanWhoWhatWhenWherefactsinformationdatatimeframes
Emotions(compassion)floor:IfeelImcomfortablewithIcarehappysadIloveclosefamily
Opinions(values)floor:InmyopinionWeshouldIbelieverespectvaluesadmirationcommitmentdedicationtrust
Inactions(reflections)floor:NotsureWaitformoredirectionHoldbackEasypaceOwnspaceDoesntmatterYourchoice
Reactions(likes/dislikes)floor:WowIlikeIdontlike[hate]Dontwant[fun,slangphrases]CantstandGreat!Yes!
Actions(initiatives)floor:BottomlineMakeithappenGoforitEnoughtalkGiveityourbestshot[imperatives]
(2)EachTypehas:astrongestpositiveegostate,apositivetransactionituses,threesignificantcharacterstrengths,anenvironmentalpreference,andmanagementstyle;
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The Process Model: Personality Types, miniscripts, and Adaptations
(3)Predictability.Psychologicalneed(s)areidentifiedforeachPhaseType(whennotmetpositively,resultinthatsamePhaseTypeminiscript2ndor3rddegreebehavior).Negative:eachTypehasitsown3degreedistresssequence(miniscript),withitsownDriver,FailureMechanism,role,myth,injunctions,games,majorracket,negativeegostate(VC,CP,orAC),Script,andPayoff.Thesebehaviorswerepresentedinmanagement(PCM)andclinicalpresentations(PTM);
(4)WareAdaptations(1983).Connectionswereidentifiedtoclassicaldiagnoses:ReactorminiscriptcouldwarrantHystericaldiagnosis;WorkaholicminiscriptcouldwarrantObsessiveCompulsivediagnosis;PersisterminiscriptcouldwarrantParanoiddiagnosis;Dreamerminiscriptcouldwarrantschizoiddiagnosis;RebelminiscriptcouldwarrantPassiveAggressivediagnosis;andPromoterminiscriptcouldwarrantAntisocialdiagnosis;
(5)Newscriptingevidence.ThereexistsasignificantcorrelationbetweenaDriverandasinglePersonalityType.Inotherwords,agivenPersonalityTypewillhaveaspecificDriverandassociatedwithit,nomatterwhatthescriptingisoftheparents.Forexample,WorkaholicBaseindividualswillhaveaprimaryBeperfectDriver,nomatterwhatinjunctionsorcounterinjunctionsaredeliveredbytheirparents.Therefore,averbal,consciousdecisionofacounterscriptinresponsetothe(parental)environmentasoriginallyproposedbySteiner(1966)andthenothers(e.g.,JoinesandStewart(2002))isnotsubstantiatedbyresearchcorrelations.However,parentsmaywellpassonsecondaryDriversandsecondaryinjunctions,aswellasinfluencewithotherenvironmentalfactorstheorderofPersonalityTypesmakinguptheindividualsstructure;
(6)Whenthepsychologicalneed(s)ofthePhasearenotmetpositively,apersonappearstoattempttogetthesameone(s)metnegatively,andwithapredictableminiscriptsequence,thetemplateofwhichvariesforinjunctions[dependingonthosedealtwithinpreviousPhasesandthosereinforcedbyparents],games,andscripts[e.g.,aReactorBasepersoninaRebel
PhasewillnothaveanAlwaysscript,butratheranAlmostI];
(7)PrimaryDriversandPersonalityTypes.ThereisoneandonlyoneprimaryDriverassociatedwitheachPersonalityType:twoParentDriversandfourChildDrivers,oneforeachType.AllotherDriversservelittlepurposeclinically;
(8)HowtoidentifyaDriver:AllfivebehavioralcuesarerequiredtoconfirmtheDriver.Drivershavenorackets(feelings),lastonlyasecondortwo,precedeCP,VC,orAC[+],andreinforceabehaviorallifepositionofOKifThefollowingsimplifiesDriveridentification(Kahler,1982a).
WorkaholicType:BeperfectforyouOverqualifyingstatement:Imnotexactlysure.
ReactorType:PleaseyouOveradapted:Maybeyoucould
PersisterType:Beperfectforme Overqualifyingquestion:Whatexactlydoyou?
RebelType:TryhardforyouNotwantingtounderstand:Huh...Idontgetit.
DreamerType:BestrongforyouStatementsuggestingothersorthingsareresponsibleforthoughtsorfeelings:Ithurts.Itcametome.Thatfeels.
PromoterType:BestrongformeYouwhenreferencingself:Whenyourepresenting,you
(9)ConfrontingDrivers.SinceDriverbehaviormaybelinkedto2nddegreeimpasseconsequences,pointingouttheDriverisnotadvisable;norismerelygivingpermissiontostopit.DriversaremostoftenanadvertisementthattheindividualisrunningoutofenergyattemptingtorespondtooffersfromaPersonalityBaseTypedifferentfromhis/hers.Inotherwords,whenapositivetransactionand/orperceptionisofferedthatrequirestheindividualtomovetothatreceivingfloor,andtheindividualhasnottheenergytodoso(thisbandwidthenergyisverifiableandidentifiedbyourinventoryforegostate,transaction,andperception),s/hewillshowtheDriverofhis/herBasePersonalityType,thusele
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The Process Model: Personality Types, miniscripts, and Adaptations
gantlyadvertisingtotheotherpersonwhatpositivetransactionandperceptionwouldbeaccepted.Forexample,aWorkaholicBase(A Awiththoughts)individualwithReactor(+NP FCwithemotions)onhisfourthfloor,hasrunoutofenergytomovetothatfloor,foranynumberofpossiblereasonsperhapsheisseeingaRogeriantherapistorReactorBasetherapist,whonaturallyusesoftenhis/herownfavoritetransactionandperception(+NP FCwithemotions)(Kahler,1982a).
ConfrontingDrivers
ThefollowingareexamplesofeachDriver,followedbythecombinationofperceptionandtransactionalofferaimedatthePersonalityTypeBaseadvertisedbythatDriver:
Tryhard(C):Huh.IdontgetDrivers.
FC FC+Reactions(likes/dislikes):Weh!IhateitwhenIdontgetit.Pleaseyou(C):MaybeyoucouldsaymoreaboutDrivers.
+NP FC+Emotions:Thankyou.IfeelDriversareimportanttoreview.Beperfect(C):ImnotexactlysurewhataDriveris.
A A+Thoughts:IthinkareviewofDriverswouldbegoodinformationforusall.DoyouhaveapreferenceastowhichDriverwediscussfirst?Beperfect(P):WhatexactlyisaDriver?
A A+Opinions:ThebeliefinProcessTherapyisthataDriverisabehaviorthatstartsadistresssequences.Dobelievethatcouldbeofvalueinfamilycommunications?Bestrong(C):ItoccurredtomethateveryoneshowsDrivers.
+CP A+Inactions(reflections):Reflectonit,andimaginehoweveryoneshowsaDriver.Bestrong(P):Youwanttogetoutofthislectureandmakeithappen.
CP A+Actions:Goforit.
(10)EvidencesupportstheconceptthatpersonalitystructureiscomprisedofsixPersonalityTypes,inorder,likenedtoasixfloorPersonalityCondominium,withastrongestBaseTypeandPhase,whichdeterminestheforegroundpsychologicalneedsanddeterminesthecorrespondingminiscript.(720positivecondominiumorders,eachwithsixpossiblePhaseType,equaling4,320totalpersonalitycombinations;however,onlysixminiscripts,eachvaryinginPhasegames,injunctions,andscripts);
(11)Connectingwiththeclient.WhateverPersonalityTypeisBase(firstfloor),iswheretoconnectwiththeclient.PaulWare(2009)agreesthatthiscorrespondstohisContactDoor,butexpandedtoincludeoneofthesixperceptions.Inotherwords,atherapistinterestedinmovingintoaclientsframeofreferencehassixpairsofperceptionplustransactionfromwhichtochoose.ThisassessmentcanbefacilitatedbyknowingthecorrelatedbehaviorsofeachPersonalityType(Kahler,1982a);
(12)Interpretingtheclientsdistress.WhateverthePhaseisdeterminesthecorrespondingminiscriptdistresstheclientisin,therebytargetingforthetherapistthecorrespondinginjunctions,games,failuremechanisms,rackets,myth,role,andscript;
(13)DontassumeagivenAdaptationhasacertaininjunction.(Ware,1983;Joines,1986).MaryGouldingbelievedthatanyonecouldhaveanyoftheinjunctions,whileshetoldmethatBobGouldingconsideredthattheremaybecertaininjunctionscorrelatedwithdifferentdiagnoses.(Goulding,1982,2008).Myfindingsindicatedtheywerebothright.
BasePersonalityTypeshaveagivenprimaryinjunction,nomatterwhattheinjunctionscriptingoftheparents.ThisisbecausethisbasicinjunctionservestodefendagainstthedealinginahealthywayofthemoreimportantissueofthePersonalityType.
Secondaryinjunctionsmayalsobeinherent,andmaywellincludethepassingonofparentalinjunctionsidentifiedinclassical
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The Process Model: Personality Types, miniscripts, and Adaptations
T.A.(Steiner,1966).ThefollowingtableidentifiesthecorrelationsfortheBasePersonalityTypeandprimaryinjunctions.(ThesecorrelationswouldalsoberelevantfortheassociatedAdaptations).
Miniscript/AdaptationandInjunction
BaseTypePrimaryinjunction
DreamerDontmakeit
PromoterDontbeclose
PersisterDonttrust
ReactorDontfeelanger
RebelDontgrowup
WorkaholicDontfeelgrief
PhasePersonalityTypes(currentfloordeterminingpositivepsychologicalneeds,andcorrespondingforsamenegativeneeds,asreflectedinthatTypeminiscript)showalayeringeffectofinjunctions,games,andscripts.Therefore,sincetwothirdsofthegeneralpopulationhaveadifferentBaseandPhase,onecannotassumethatagivenAdaptationthereforehasagiveninjunction.(ThisisalsotrueforassumingthatwecanlookatatablelistingAdaptationswithagivenscriptorgame.)Furthermore,sincetheAdaptationisdeterminedbythePhase,onecannotlookupthatAdaptationonatable,andthenmakecontactusingthatsuggestedperception(Door)andtransaction,becausetheBasePersonalityTypeisstillthecontactareaforperceptionandtransaction.
Forexample,consideraWorkaholic(Base)inasecondfloorRebelPhase.WecontactclientsatBase.Inthiscase,usingA A,andintheperceptionofthoughts.(Remember,shouldweusetoooftenotherpositivetransactionsorotherperceptionsthatthisclientrunsoutofpsychicenergytowhichtorespond,s/hewillalertuswiththeBaseBeperfectDriver.ThisremindsustoreturntoA Aandthoughts.)
RebelPhasemeansthatthispersonspsychologicalneedsarenowplayfulcontacthumor,fun,play,creativity,sports,music,art,etc.TheminiscriptisthereforethatalsoofaRebel,whichifintenseenoughcouldwarrantadiagnosisofPassiveAggressive
Adaptation.WeknowthatthisWorkaholicPhasedearlierinlifebyhavingamajorloss,spenttimerepressingorsuppressingsadness,probablysabotagedarelationshiporajob,andfinallygrieved,thusPhasingtohis/hernextfloor,whichhappenedtobeRebel.
AlthoughaBaseRebelwouldhaveaprimaryinjunctionofDontgrowup,aBaseWorkaholicinaRebelPhase(WorkaholicRebel)wouldnothavethisinjunction.Whynot?BecausetheWorkaholichasgrownup(infact,alwayswasgrownup),becausehis/herthoughtsperceptionpermeatestheworldthroughtheAdult,aidedbycharactertraitsofbeingresponsible,logical,andorganized.ThisWorkaholicRebelwouldhavenoprimaryinjunction,butinterestingly,wouldhaveacarryoversecondaryBaseinjunctionofDontenjoy,plusnowwhateverparental(i.e.,environmental)secondaryinjunctions.ThiswouldalertthetherapistastowhythisclientisnotlikelytobesuccessfultotallyingettingRebelPhasepsychologicalneedofcontactmetpositively.Thisclientcanhavefun,butnotcontinuetheenjoyment.And,s/heislikelyusingthelackofjoyasfueltoblamesomeoneelse.(Thisstructureisoftengivenrisetothephrasemidlifecrises);
(15)Whattoavoid.WhateveristhesixthflooroftheindividualsPersonalityCondominiumdetermineswhatthetherapistshouldavoidaddressing,intermsofofferingtherelatedpositivetransactionandperception.Thiswouldalsoincludeexpectingtheclienttobeabletocathectorutilizethatfloorrelatedegostateorcharacterstrengths.Evidenceoftheclientsinability(i.e.,notvisitingthesixthfloorveryoften,andhenceleaststrongthere)torespondonthissixthfloorwouldbetheclientcounteringwiththeDriverofhis/herBasePersonalityType.PaulWare(2009)nowagreesthatthiscorrespondstohisTrapDoor,thusexpandingthreetosixtoavoidpossibilitiesofperception,andincludingtheassociatedtransactiontoavoid;
(16)Howtotreatscripts.ThescriptofthePhaseisformedbythecombinationsoftheBaseandPhaseDrivers(aswellasanyfloorTypesinbetween).However,recallthatascriptdoesnotbecomeaproblemunless
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The Process Model: Personality Types, miniscripts, and Adaptations
2ndor3rddistressisinvolved.Andthemostcommonreasonapersonexperiencesthislevelofdistressisthats/heissettlingforgettinghis/herpsychologicalneedsmetnegatively,whenthosesamepsychologicalneedswerenotmetpositively.
Therefore,thebesttreatmentfordealingwiththescriptissimplytogetthepsychologicalneedsofthePhasemetpositivelyonaregularbasis.(AnyinjunctionsinhibitingthisshouldbeaddressedsothatthepositivesatisfyingofthesePhaseneedscanaffordsocialcontrolandsymptomaticrelieftotheclient,aswellashelpingtoavoidplayingoutthescriptwiththetherapist.)
IoriginallythoughtthatpermissionsandsocialcontrolAdultdecisionswerethewaytodealwithscripts.Forexample,withtheUntilscript:1)Dotheworknowwithclient,notlater;2)Keepworkshort;OKtoworkbeforeitsallfigured.
IwassoquotedinStanWoollamsandMichaelBrownsTA:Thetotalhandbookoftransactionalanalysis(WoollamsandBrown,1979).Theydevotedanentiresectiontomywork:Unit10,TheScriptinAction:ProcessandContentpp.191216,andlistScriptDisruptions,identifyingthecontentofmyseverallecturesattheirHuronValleyInstitute.
ThisoutdatedreferencewasunintentionallycreditedtoBrownandWoollamsandpropagatedinPersonalityAdaptations(StewartandJoines,2002,p.201).
FundamentalsofPersonalityStructure:thesixPersonalityTypes
By1982theidentificationoftheProcessTherapyModelpresentationshadbecomecomputerized.Thereare720waysoforderingthesixPersonalityTypestoformanindividualspersonalitycondominium.FirstfloorisconsideredtheBaseType.
ThePersonalityPatternInventory(PPI)(Kahler,1982b)measurestherelativeamountofenergyavailableoneachfloorneededtocathectthecorrespondingegostate,positivetransactionandperception.
Anexampleof1ofthese720combinationsfollows:aBaseReactor,secondfloorWorkaholic,thirdfloorPersister,fourthfloor
floorDreamer,fifthfloorRebel,andsixthfloorPromoter.Inordertogiveallsixminiscripttemplatevariations,Iwillpresenthowthispersonspersonalitydynamicswouldbothremainthesame(i.e.,orderofpositiveegostates,positivetransactions,perceptions,andcharacterstrengths)throughouthislifetime,buthowhisdistressedbehaviorwouldlookifhehadPhasedfivetimes.Phasingoccurswhen:
(1)wearepresentedinlifewithanunresolvedissuefromachildhoodDevelopmentalStage(Kahler,2008);(2)donotdealinahealthywaywithit;(3)stayin2nddegreePhaseTypeminiscriptbehaviorintenselyandconsistently,sooftenastowarrantalabelofanAdaptation;(4)finallyexperiencetheunderlyingauthenticemotion,whichliftsusuptothenextPersonalityTypefloorinourcondominium,resultinginnewpsychologicalneeds,andanewpotentialminiscriptwithitsrelatedissue.
Whatisimportanttonoticeishowtheinjunctions,games,andscriptsvaryasafunctionofthispersonspersonalitycondominiumstructure.ItshowsclearlyhowwecannotmakesimpletablelistsofAdaptationscomparedtoinjunctions,games,andscripts,butratherneedtoseetheentirepersonalitystructurepictureoftheindividual.
1982KahlerCommunications,Inc.
IfthisReactorBaseclientwerealsoinaReactorPhase,theminiscriptwouldbe:
PsychologicalNeeds:
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The Process Model: Personality Types, miniscripts, and Adaptations
RecognitionofpersonandSensory
1stDriver:Pleaseyou
DefenseMechanism:Introjection
2ndFailureMechanism:Makesmistakes
WarningSignals:Invitescriticism.
Showsselfdoubt.
Myth:Youcanmakemefeelbademotionally.
Position:ImNotOKYoureOK
Mask:Drooper(AC)
Majorrackets:Sad.Confused.
Role:VictimlookingforaPersecutor.
Games*:Kickme.Stupid.
Primaryinjunction*:Dontfeelangry.
PotentialSecondaryinjunctions*:
Dontbeimportant.Dontgrowup.
3rdPayoff:
Feelsunconditionallyrejectedasaperson.
Depressedandunloved.
Script*:After
*TheProcessTherapyModelProfileTM,generatedfromtheclientsPersonalityPatternInventory,identifieseachoftheseelements,whichvaryforeachcombinationofBaseandPhase.
Myth:FromFourMyths,(Kahler,1978a,b)
Role:FromtheDramaTriangle,(Karpman,1968)
IfthisReactorBaseclientPhasesagain,s/hewouldbeinaWorkaholicPhase,andtheminiscriptwouldbe:
PsychologicalNeeds:
RecognitionofworkandTimestructure
1stDriver:Beperfectforyou
DefenseMechanism:Rationalization
2ndFailureMechanism:Overcontrols
WarningSignals:Frustratedwithotherwhodontthinkclearly.
Myth:Icanmakeyoufeelbademotionally.
Position:ImOKYoureNotOK
Mask:Attacker(CP)
Majorracket:Frustratedlyangry.
Role:PersecutorlookingforaVictim.
Games*:NIGYSOB.Uproar.
Primaryinjunction*:
PotentialSecondaryinjunctions*:
Donthavefun.Dontenjoy.Dontgrow
Dontgrowup.Dontbeimportant
3rdPayoff:Experiencesnegativerecognitionforworkorideas.
Depressedandworthless.
Script:AlmostII(professional)
Note:ThereisnoPrimaryinjunctionofDontfeelgrief,asthisisnotaproblemforthePhasedReactor.SecondaryinjunctionsfromtheReactorBasenowincludeDontgrowupandDontbeimportant.AlthoughtheprimaryscriptforaWorkaholicisUntil,aReactorinaWorkaholicPhasewillnotexperienceanUntil,butratheraprofessionalAlmostII.
IfthisReactorBaseclientPhasesagain,s/hewouldbeinaPersisterPhase,andtheminiscriptwouldbe:
PsychologicalNeeds:
RecognitionofworkandConviction
1stDriver:Beperfectforme
DefenseMechanism:Projection
2ndFailureMechanism:Pushesbeliefs
WarningSignals:Frustratedwithotherswhodontbelievethesame.
Myth:Icanmakeyoufeelbademotionally.
Position:ImOKYoureNotOK
Mask:Attacker(CP)
Majorracket:Righteouslyangry.
Role:PersecutorlookingforaVictim.
Games*:NIGYSOB.Whydontyou.
Primaryinjunction*:Donttrust
PotentialSecondaryinjunctions*:
Donthavefun.Dontenjoy.
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The Process Model: Personality Types, miniscripts, and Adaptations
3rdPayoff:Experiencesnegative
recognitionforworkorconvictions.
Depressedandhopeless.
Script:AlmostII(personal)
Note:ThesecondaryinjunctionsforaPersisterBaseincludedDontbelongandDontbeclose.AsthisclienthasPhasedthroughReactor,theseinjunctionsnolongerareproblematic.AndasthisclienthasPhasedthroughWorkaholic,DontbeimportantandDontgrowuphavealsobeendealtwith.AlthoughtheprimaryscriptforaPersisterisUntil,aReactor,Workaholic,inaPersisterPhasewillnotexperienceanUntil,butratheranAlmostIIinpersonallife.
IfthisReactorBaseclientPhasesagain,s/hewouldbeinaDreamerPhase,andtheminiscriptwouldbe:
PsychologicalNeed:Solitude
1stDriver:Bestrongforyou
DefenseMechanism:Dissociation
2ndFailureMechanism:Withdraws
WarningSignals:Passivelywaits.
Doesntinitiate.
Myth:Youcanmakemefeelbademotionally.
Position:ImNotOKYoureOK
Mask:Drooper(AC)
Majorracket:Insignificant.Inadequate.
Role:VictimlookingforaPersecutor.
Games*:
Primaryinjunction*:
PotentialSecondaryinjunction*:
Donthavefun.
3rdPayoff:Experiencesnegative
solitude.Depressedandlistless.
Script:Never
Note:TheprimaryinjunctionforaDreamerBaseisDontmakeit,andsecondaryinjunctionofDontbeimportant,bothofwhichhavebeendealtwithbyhaving
PhasedthroughWorkaholic.TheothersecondaryinjunctionsforaDreamerBaseincludeDontbelongandDontbelose.
AsthisclienthasPhasedthroughReactor,theseinjunctionsnolongerareproblematic.AlthoughtheprimaryscriptforaPersisterisUntil,aReactor,Workaholic,inaPersisterPhasewillnotexperienceanUntil,butratheranAlmostIIinpersonallife.Alsonoticethateventhoughavictimlookingforapersecutor,nogamesareidentified,asthispersonwithdrawsindistress,notneedingtransactionalgamedynamicstointernalizepersecution.
IfthisReactorBaseclientPhasesagain,s/hewouldbeinaRebelPhase,andtheminiscriptwouldbe:
PsychologicalNeed:Playfulcontact
1stDriver:Tryhardforyou
DefenseMechanism:Displacement
2ndFailureMechanism:Blames
WarningSignals:Negativeandcomplaining.
Blameless.
Myth:Youcanmakemefeelbademotionally,soIllmakeyoufeelworse.
Position:ImOKYoureNotOK
Mask:Blamer(VC)
Majorracket:Vengeful.Bored.
Role:PersecutorlookingforaVictim.
Games*:Yesbut.SWYMMD,IIWFY,Corner,Schlemiel
Primaryinjunction*:
PotentialSecondaryinjunction*:Donthavefun.
3rdPayoff:Experiencesnegativecontact.Depressedandhelpless.
Script:Always
Note:TheprimaryinjunctionforRebelBaseisDontgrowup,andsecondaryofDontmakeit,bothofwhicharedealtwithhavingPhasedthroughWorkaholic.TheRebelsecondaryinjunctionofDontbecloseisdealtwithhavingPhasedthroughReactor.TheWorkaholicandPersistersecondaryinjunctionofDonthavefunstilllingers
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The Process Model: Personality Types, miniscripts, and Adaptations
ironicallyasapossibleinjunctionforthisRebelPhaseclient.
IfthisReactorBaseclientPhasesagain,s/hewouldbeinaPromoterPhase,andtheminiscriptwouldbe:
PsychologicalNeed:Incidence
1stDriver:Bestrongforme
DefenseMechanism:Seduction
2ndFailureMechanism:Manipulates
WarningSignals:Setsuparguments.
Createsnegativedrama.
Myth:Icanmakeyoufeelbademotionally,
Position:ImOKYoureNotOK
Mask:Blamer(VC)
Majorracket:Vindictive.
Role:PersecutorlookingforaVictim.
Games*:LYHF,RAPO,Schlimazel
Primaryinjunction*:
PotentialSecondaryinjunction*:
3rdPayoff:Experiencesnegativeincidenceanddrama.Depressedandabandoned.
Script:Always
Note:TheprimaryinjunctionforPromoterBaseisDontbeclose,andsecondaryofDontbelong,bothofwhicharedealtwithhavingPhasedthroughReactor.ThePromotersecondaryinjunctionofDontmakeisdealtwithhavingPhasedthroughWorkaholic.ThePromotersecondaryinjunctionofDonttrustisdealtwithhavingPhasedthroughPersister.ThepassedalongWorkaholicandPersistersecondaryinjunctionofDonthavefunisdealtwithhavingPhasedthroughRebel.Othersecondaryinjunctionsfromparentsmaywarrantinvestigating.
From1978to1982IlecturedontheseProcessModelconceptsatTAConferences,Institutes,trainings,andinvitationalgatherings;amongthem:August1978,attheI.T.A.A.Conference,Montreal,Canada;July1979,atthe5thAnnualEuropeanAssociationofTransactionalAnalysis,Paris,France;
August1979,attheI.T.A.A.Conference,Snowmass,CO.;December1979,atthe7thAnnualMidwestT.A.Conference,Dearborn,MI.;January1980,attheWinterCongressoftheInternationalTransactionalAnalysisAssociationConference,SanAntonio,TX.;February1982,attheDivisiondeEstudiosSuperiores,FacultaddeContraduriaYAdministracion,UniversidadAutonomadeChihuahua,Mexico;August1982,attheEuropeanTransactionalAnalysisBusinessConference,Ibiza,Spain.
DuringtheseyearsmyaudiencesincludedVannJoinesandIanStewart.Vann,whenIpresentedmyProcessModelofsixPersonalityTypesathisSoutheastInstituteinChapelHill,andIanwhenItrainedinLondon,Englandin1981.AsIanwritesintheprefaceofhisandVannsbook,PersonalityAdaptations(2002),Aboveall,IwanttoacknowledgetheworkandgenerosityofTaibiKahlerPhD,who,alongwithPaulWareMD,developedmuchofthematerialdescribedinthisbook.ItwasTaibiwho(atamemorabletrainingworkshopinLondon,1981)firstbroughthometomethepowerandusefulnessofthemodelofpersonalityAdaptationsandtherelatedideasthatmakeuphisProcessModel.(AlthoughJoinesandStewartagreethatwhattheycalltheProcessModelintheirbookismywork,confusionhasarisen,primarilyduetotheirreferencingmyProcessModel,mostlyinitsoutdated,1970spublications.)
In1983PaulWarepresentedhistheoryofPersonalityAdaptations,publishedintheJanuaryissueoftheTransactionalAnalysisJournal(Ware).
PaulandIhadlittlecontactfrom1978to1998,aswewerebothbusywithourcareersPaulwithclinicaltraining,privatepractice,andhospitalwork,andmewithstartingaU.S.andinternationalbusiness.SoPaulwasnotawareofmyresearch,whichhadclassifiedhisDoorsintosixmutuallyexclusiveperceptions,eachcorrelatedtoaPersonalityType,withitsownpositivetransaction,northateachTypehadaprimaryDriverandscriptinjunctioncorrelatedtoit.
PaulisnowinagreementwiththeProcessModelpresentations,includingthatthe
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The Process Model: Personality Types, miniscripts, and Adaptations
orderofthesecondandthirdDoorsforeachAdaptationmayvary,dependingonwhattheorderoffloors26areinapersonsPersonalityCondominium.Forexample,althoughmostHystericalAdaptations[distressedReactorPersonalityType]willhavethoughtsasthenextDoorstatistically,somewillhaveadifferentPersonalityTypeastheirsecondfloor,resultinginopinions[Persister],reactions[Rebel],actions[Promoter],orinactions[Dreamer]next.
TheIssueistheTarget
In1985IdiscoveredtheissueforeachPhaseType,andbegancollectingdata.Ihypothesizedtheearlydecisionimpasseforeachminiscript.
IfoundthatiftheclientdoesnotaddressthePhaseissue(immediately)withanauthenticresponse,heorshecovers(repressesorsuppresses)itwiththesamePhaseminiscript,stayingatseconddegreeoftenandintenselyenoughtowarrantanAdaptationlabel.Theseissuesarethetargetdoorforthetherapist.ThisclarifieswhichauthenticemotionandearlydecisionisinvolvedintreatmentforeachType.
Thepreviouslyhypothesizedtargetdoormaybeabyproductoftherapy,butnotthetargetissue.Inotherwords,thetargetisthedistressed,unresolvedissue.DealingwiththisissueresultsinthepersonPhasingtothenextflooroftheircondominium,inwhicharehousedthepositiveperceptualDoorsofthoughts,opinions,emotions,reactions,actions,orinactions.So,WaresterminologyoftheTargetDoorisnottheclinicaltarget,buttheresultingpositiveevidenceofthenewPhasefloorperception,indicatingthatthepersonhasdealtwiththeoldPhaseissue.PaulWarenowagreeswiththis(Ware,2009).
Thefollowingtableidentifiestheissuethatwillcausetheminiscript/Adaptation[distressed]behavioruntilthatissueisresolved.AtwhichtimethepersonwillPhasetothenextfloorofhis/hercondominiumandhaveanewpsychologicalneedandnewminiscript.NotethateachissueistheonlykeytoPhasingforthatPhase.Notealsothatafeelingmaybearacketorauthentic,dependingwhetheritisexperi
encedfromanegativeegostateorpositiveone.
MiniscriptPhaseEmotion
[Adaptation][Targetissue][Racket][Auth.]
Reactorangersadangry[Hysterical]Probableimpasse:Theearlydecisionislikelytobe,IfIexpressmyangeratyou,Iwillhavehurtyourfeelingsand/oryouwillrejectme.ThereforeIwillpleaseyouandholdinanger.
Workaholiclossfrustratedlyangrysad[ObsessiveCompulsive]Probableimpasse:Theearlydecisionislikelytobe,IfIdontdothethinkingforyou,thensomethingbadwillhappen.ThereforeIwillbeperfectandnotmakeanymistakes,andaslongasIamcriticalofyounotthinkingclearlyIcanavoidmygrief.
Persisterfearrighteouslyangryafraid[Paranoid]Probableimpasse:Theearlydecisionislikelytobe,IfIdontmakesureyoubelievetherightwayanddotherightthings,thensomethingbadwillhappen.ThereforeIexpectyoutobeperfectandnotdothewrongthing,andaslongasIampreachingatyou,Icanavoidmyownfears.Dreamerautonomyinsignificantpotent[Schizoid]Probableimpasse:Theearlydecisionislikelytobe,Thingsandpeoplecanmakemefeelbad.ThereforeIwillwithdraw,andasIbecomepassiveIcanavoidmakingmyowndecisions.Rebelresponsibilityvengefulsorry[PassiveAggressive]Probableimpasse:Theearlydecisionislikelytobe,Ifyoudontdothethinkingforme,thenIwontbehappy.ThereforeIwilljustTryhard.Whenyoudontmakemefeelgood,thenitsyourfaultIfeelbad,andaslongasIblameyouIcanavoidtakingresponsibilityformakingmyselffeelgoodorfeelbad.Promoterbondingvindictiveintimate[Antisocial]
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The Process Model: Personality Types, miniscripts, and Adaptations
Probableimpasse:Theearlydecisionislikelytobe:Thingsandpeoplecanmakeyoufeelbad.Thereforeyouwillhavetobestrongandabandonanyonewhogetstooclose.AndaslongasIabandonyou,Icanavoidintimacyandbondingwithyou.
PersonalityAdaptations
In1986VannJoineswroteUsingredecisiontherapywithdifferentpersonalityadaptations,publishedintheTAJ(Joines,p.153).Hestated,PaulWaresuggestsapersoncanmanifestanyoftheAdaptationsandbehealthyorbeanywhereonthetraditionalcontinuumofpsychopathology.Joinesconcludes,Thus,theAdaptationsimplyneitherhealthnorpathology,butmerelyadaptivestyle.
Thiswasnot,noris,WaresconclusionorpositiononAdaptations.HehasalwaysviewedthetermAdaptationtorefertopsychopathologyandmaladjustment(1983,2009).
However,Ihaveemphasizedthat:(1)anindividualiscomprisedofsixPersonalityTypesmakinguphis/herpersonalitystructurecondominium,whichreflectsanImOKYoureOK,healthylifeposition(Kahler,1982a);(2)anindividualexhibitspredictabledistressed,sequentialminiscriptbehaviorwhennolongerinanOKOKposition(i.e.,outofthecondominium)(Kahler,1983);(3)miniscriptbehaviorcanbelabeledanAdaptationwhenitimpairsorsignificantlyinterfereswiththecapacitytomeettheordinarydemandsoflife(i.e.,whenconsideredadiagnosticAdaptation)(Kahler,1979b;Ware,1983);(4)intermsoflifepositions,thecondominiumreflectstheexistentiallifepositionofImOKYoureOK,whileaminiscript/AdaptationreflectsbehaviorallifepositionsofOKif,ImOKYoureNotOK,ImNotOKYoureOK,andImNotOKYoureNotOK(Kahler,1974;Ware,1983).
Joinesfurtherwrote,Thesixare:1)CreativeDaydreamer,traditionallycalledSchizoids;2)BrilliantSkeptics,traditionallycalledParanoids;3)CharmingManipulators,traditionallycalledAntisocials;4)PlayfulCritics,traditionallycalledPassiveAggressives;5)ResponsibleWorkaholics,traditionally
calledObsessiveCompulsives;and6)EnthusiasticOverreactorstraditionallycalled,Hysterics.
ThesetermsDaydreamers,Manipulators,Workaholics,andOverreactorsweretheonesIcoined,lecturedabout,andpublishedinProcessTherapyinBrief(Kahler,1979b).
Joinesstates,ThefirstthreeAdaptationsaredescribedasprimaryAdaptationsbecausetheydevelopinthefirstfiveyearsoflifeinresponsetohowparentsinteractwiththechild.WarebelievesthateveryindividualhasatleastoneoftheseprimaryorsurvivalAdaptations:i.e.,whenfeelingthreatened,eachpersonrevertstooneormoreoftheseAdaptations.ThelatterthreeAdaptationsaresecondarysincetheydevelopinthesecondthreeyearsoflifeinresponsetowhatparentsemphasizeabouthowtorelatetotheoutsideworld.
Joines(2009)nowbelievesthatAdaptationscannotonlybedevelopedduringthespecificdevelopmentalstageswherethedevelopmentalissueismostpronouncedbutalsoatanytimewherethatsameissueispresent.
PaulWare(2009)nowagreescompletelywithmyProcessTherapyModel:1)BasePersonalityTypeandcorrespondingminiscriptislikelypresentatbirth.AnAdaptationofthatTypecanoccurifthereissufficientpsychological/physicaldistressinthechildsenvironment.IntheUnitedStatespopulationofPersonalityTypes,30%areReactorBase(potentialHystericAdaptation),25%areWorkaholicBase(potentialObsessiveCompulsiveAdaptation],20%areRebelBase(potentialPassiveAggressiveAdaptation),10%arePersisterBase(potentialParanoidAdaptation),10%areDreamerBase(potentialSchizoidAdaptation),and5%areBasePromoters(potentialAntisocialAdaptation)(Kahler,2008);2)AnyPersonalityTypeBaseorPhasecanhavethedistressedbehaviortowarrantacorrespondingAdaptation;2)thereare36combinationsofBaseandPhase(outofapossible4,320Base/Phasecondominiumorders).Forexample,aWorkaholicBase(perception:thoughts,egostate:Adult,transaction:A A)ReactorPhase(motivatedby
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The Process Model: Personality Types, miniscripts, and Adaptations
recognitionofpersonandsensoryneeds)individualissusceptibletohavingaHystericAdaptationwhentheissueoffeelingauthenticangerisnotdealtwith.IftheBaseissueoflossisagainpresentedinlife,andthispersondoesnotfeelthesadness,thenanObsessiveCompulsiveAdaptationmaybewarranted;3)thatanAdaptationdiagnosisismostoftentheresultofanunresolvedPhaseissue,observableinsustained,intenseminiscriptbehavior.
JoinesfurtherspeculatesontheDriversandinjunctionsforeachAdaptation.However,PTMresearch(Kahler,1972,1982),publications,andlectureshadalreadyidentified
thateachDriverissignificantlycorrelatedtoonePersonalityType,irrespectiveofenvironmentalinfluences.Inotherwords,everyBaseFeeler(a.k.a.,HystericAdaptationwhenwarranted)willhaveaPleaseyouDriver,nomatterhowtheparentsscriptedher(Base)withtheircounterscriptsorDriversorinjunctions.Furthermore,nootherPersonalityType(i.e.,miniscript/Adaptation)willhaveaprimaryPleaseyouDriver.Parentalscriptinghowever,doesinfluencesecondaryinjunctions,andtheformationofthepossibleorderoffloors26.
TheAssessingMatrixTM
1979KahlerCommunications,Inc.
ProcessTherapyModelintegratedwithRedecisionandothertherapies.
AlthoughmypersonalpreferenceistheRedecisionTherapyapproach(GouldingandGoulding,1979),itisobviousthatPTMgoeshandinhandinmonitoringsecondbysecondtheexchangesbetweentherapistandclient,especiallyasDriversgivethe
indicationofwhatpositivetransactionplusperceptiontousenext.
APTMtherapististaughttomonitoreverytransactionwiththeclient:(1)Listentothecontent;(2)identifythePersonalityTypefloortransactionand/orperception(oriftheclientisindistress,thefirstdegreeDriverorseconddegreenegativeegostate
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The Process Model: Personality Types, miniscripts, and Adaptations
Mask);(3)respondwiththeappropriatetransactionandperceptiontothepreviousstep;and(4)attendtothecontent.
OfprimaryvaluetoRedecisiontherapistsisthatPTMidentifiestheminiscript/Adaptationtargetissue,alongwiththeinjunctions,andprobableearlyimpasserelateddecisionforeachofthesixminiscript/Adaptationtemplates.WhenanAdaptationiswarranted,thepersonislikelyPhasing,whichalertstheRedecisiontherapisttofocusontheissue.Injunctionssupporttheissue.WhenaclientisnotPhasing,thenfocusshouldbeontheinjunctionsthatareinhibitinggettingthePhasepsychologicalneedsmetpositively.
WhydopeoplePhase?IfapersondidnotsuccessfullycompletetheoriginalPhaserelatedDevelopmentalStageandissue(Kahler,2008),thenthisissueistestedagainlaterinlife.EvidenceofthisissustainedminiscriptbehaviortotheextentofbeingconsideredanAdaptation.ThepersonisPhasingatthistime,andwilluntils/heresolvestheissuebyexperiencingtheunderlyingauthenticemotion.
Onecontentmodelsizedoesnotfitall.AstheclassictherapyfilmcalledGloriavividlyshowed,thechoiceofanapproachdependsonthestructureoftheclient(ForaprocessinterpretationofEllis,Perls,andRogersworkingwithGloriasee,ProcessTherapy,2008,pp.226231).Thecautionwithusinganonprocessorientedsingulartherapymodelapproachisthatthetherapistsnaturaluseofperceptionandtransactionmaynotbewhattheclientneedsinresolvingagivenminiscript/Adaptationissue.Forexamples:
ARogerianTherapy(Rogers,1959)approachconnectswithFeelers(neeReactors;potentialHystericAdaptation),butexpressingauthenticangermustbeencouraged.
ACognitiveTherapy(Beck,1967)approachconnectswithThinkers(neeWorkaholics;potentialObsessiveCompulsiveAdaptation),butmayinhibittheexperiencingatafeelinglevelthesadnessrequiredtoresolvethelossissue.
ARationalEmotive(EllisandDryden,2007)approachconnectswithBelievers(neePer
sisters;potentialParanoidAdaptation),butmayinhibittheexperiencingatafeelinglevelthefearissue.
ABehaviorTherapy(LindsleyandSkinner,1954),approachcouldconnectwithDreamers(potentialSchizoidAdaptation)byfocusingonInactionswithpositiveCriticalParent,andcanreinforcepositivelyonesfeelingofpotencyinmakingautonomousissuedecisions.
AGestaltTherapy(Perls,Hefferline,andGoodman,1994)approachcanconnectplayfullywithFunsters(neeRebels;potentialPassiveAggressiveAdaptation),andisidealatinvitingtheclientintoexperiencingtheissueofresponsibility:Iamtheonewhomakesmefeelgoodorbademotionally.Note:Thisresultsintheabilitytoexpressauthenticallybeingsorry(nottheracketsorryoftheblameless,acerbicdistressedFunster).
AnAsklepieionTherapy(Groder,1977)approachconnectswithDoers(neePromoters;potentialAntisocialAdaptation),andisidealatcreatingtheDoerpositiveIncidenceneedsinaprotected,caringsettingthatfostersdealingwithabandonmentbybecomingauthenticandintimatewithothers.
Inconclusion,theProcessTherapyModelcanbeusedwithanyothertherapyapproachtomonitorthequalityofbeingontrackwiththeclient,byknowingwhichpositivetransactionplusperceptiontooffersecondbysecond.Evidenceofnotbeingaccepted(socialdiagnosis)bytheclientiswhensheshowsherBaseDriver(behavioraldiagnosis).ThisveryDriveralertstheprocesstherapistastowhichpositivetransactionplusperceptiontousenext.
TheProcessTherapyModelProfileTM(Kahler,1994)reportontheclientidentifies:(1)PersonalitystructureconsistingofthesixPersonalityTypes(Feelers,neeReactors;Thinkers,neeWorkaholics;Believers,neePersisters;Doers,neePromoters;Funsters,neeRebels;Dreamers);(2)orderandstrengthofpositiveegostates,transactions,andperceptions;(3)howtoconnect;(4)psychologicalneeds;(5)homework;(6)BaseandPhaseminiscriptswithpotentialAdaptations;(7)games,rackets,injunctions,scripts,issues,andprobableimpasse
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The Process Model: Personality Types, miniscripts, and Adaptations
earlydecisions,and(8)varioustherapymodeltreatmentsuggestions.
Research
TheBasePersonalityTypeofanindividualiseitherpresentatbirth(mybelief)ordevelopssoonthereafter,andaccordingtotestretestreliabilityresearchdoesnotlikelychangeinlife(Stansbury,1990).
Observationsfrom1978to1996ofmorethan20,000childreninBrevardCommunityCollegeDayCareCentersbyProcesstrainedprofessionalParentEducators(Geier,2008)supportthattheorderofthePersonalityTypes(i.e.,theindividualsPersonalityCondominium)issetbyaboutsevenyearsofage.
ResearchalsosupportsPhasingandPhaseissues,includingdealingwiththePhaseissueassociatedracketandunderlyingauthenticemotion:Facevalidity:97%ofparticipantsinourAdvancedSeminarwhohadPhasedreportedthattheyhadexperiencedthePTMexpected(theorized)frequentandintensePhase[miniscript]distresssequenceinresolvingthatissue,andthenPhased.Ofthese,93%reportedthattheyhadexperiencedthePTMexpected(theorized)theissueracket,andthentheunderlyingauthenticfeeling(Kahler,2008,p.275).
From1982toApril2009740,174peoplehavebeenprofiled,ofwhich24,122havebeenclinical.Inthegeneralpopulation,33%havenotPhased,28%Phasedonetime,20%Phasedtwotimes,15%Phasedthreetimes,3%Phasedfourtimes,andonly1%Phasedfivetimes(Kahler,2008,p.275).
ItismyopinionthattheunsuccessfulincorporationofaPhaseissueduringthesixDevelopmentalStages(Kahler,2008,pp.195215)resultsintheissuebeingtestedduringthatPhaselaterinlife.AndsinceanyPersonalityTypewithitspredictableassociatedminiscriptcanbepresentatbirth(Driver,injunction,issue,etc.),soistherethepotentialassociatedAdaptation,testedbyparentingintheissuerelatedDevelopmentalStage.
TodatetherehavebeenfifteendissertationsdoneontheProcessModel(includingnineineducationandfiveinclinical),eight
theses(sixineducationandtwoinclinical),twentyotherpublishedresearchpapers(includingcorrelationalstudieswithMyersBriggsandwithMcClellandsThematicApperceptionTest)themodelhasbeentaughtorresearchsupportedinthirtysevencollegesanduniversities.(Kahler,2009).
Note:IamindebtedtoJoinesandStewartwhohavevowedtocontinuetoclearupanyconfusionabouttheoriginationandcontributionstomyProcessModel,includingcorrectingoutdatedandnoncreditedreferencesinfurthereditionsandtranslationsofPersonalityAdaptations(JoinesandStewart,2002).
TaibiKahler,Ph.D.,isaclinicalpsychologist,TSTAinITAA,andpastTMinALAT.Heisthe1977recipientoftheEBMSAfortheminiscript.ForProcessTherapyModelinformation,gotowww.taibikahlerassociates.comintheU.S.;intheUnitedKingdomwww.processcommunication.co.uk;inFrancewww.kcf.fr/accueil.php3;inAustria,Switzerland,andGermanywww.kcgpcm.de;[email protected];inJapanwww.kcjpcm.com;inAustraliawww.kahlercom.com.au.EmailTaibiatkahlercom@aristotle.net.
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