Download - The revised SI - BIPM
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The revised SI Challenges and opportunities
for mass and related quantities
Stephan Schlamminger Darine Haddad, Frank Seifert, Leon Chao, David Newell, Jon Pratt
National Institute of Standards and Technology 17th May, 2019
at the 17th meeting of the Consultative Committee for Mass and Related Quantities
Sevres, France
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Physical Measurement Laboratory
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Outline – Three mysteries
• The mystery of mass
• The mystery of explaining the unit of mass
• The mystery of what’s next
Physical Measurement Laboratory
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The mystery of mass
• Mass is among the first quantities measured by humans
• The origin of mass is complicated • Mass is active and passive • active = gravitational mass • passive = inertial mass
Physical Measurement Laboratory
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At small scales, mass is weird
• Example: Hydrogen Atom
Physical Measurement Laboratory
+
𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻 = 𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑒 + 𝑚𝑚𝑝𝑝 − 13.6eV𝑐𝑐2
in the ground state:
13.6 eV𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻𝑐𝑐2
= 1.4 × 10−8
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At small scales, mass is weird
• Example: Hydrogen Atom • Example: proton
Physical Measurement Laboratory
+
𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻 = 𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑒 + 𝑚𝑚𝑝𝑝 − 13.6eV𝑐𝑐2
in the ground state:
13.6 eV𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻𝑐𝑐2
= 1.4 × 10−8
u u
d
𝑚𝑚𝑝𝑝 = 938.3 MeV/c2
𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑢 = 2.2 MeV/c2
𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑 = 4.7 MeV/c2
𝑚𝑚𝑝𝑝 = 2 𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑢 + 𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑 + 929.2MeV
c2
929.2 𝑀𝑀eV𝑚𝑚𝑝𝑝𝑐𝑐2
= 99 %
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Physical Measurement Laboratory
Generates masses of the leptons, the quarks, and the weak gauge bosons. The existences of the Higgs boson was confirmed in 2012.
Absolute mass is unclear. We have information on the mass differences.
source: wikipedia
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At large scales, mass is weird
The rotation curves of galaxies (here M33) does not follow our expectation (based on the visible baryonic matter).
dark matter Physical Measurement Laboratory
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It get’s worse
• Einstein’s “biggest blunder of his life”: the introduction of the cosmological constant – what we call today dark energy.
Physical Measurement Laboratory
Dark Matter
dark matter
dark energy
The total mass of the universe
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Mass has an incredible intellectual bandwidth
Physical Measurement Laboratory
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Mass has an incredible intellectual bandwidth
Physical Measurement Laboratory
$ 𝜆𝜆
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Physics
Physical Measurement Laboratory
Metrology
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Challenges and opportunities • We are far from understanding
mass • Mass is complicated
• Many important questions in physic have to do with mass
• Mass, especially dark energy and dark matter, will be an exciting topic in science for years to come
• Conversations about mass could be held at all level
• We should have these conversations
• We should stay engaged
Physical Measurement Laboratory
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Outline – Three mysteries
• The mystery of mass
• The mystery of explaining the unit of mass
• The mystery of what’s next
Physical Measurement Laboratory
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Thesis
The definition of the kilogram in the SI is the third most difficult (base) unit to explain.
Physical Measurement Laboratory
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Proof unit constant name Symbol Num. value base unit dep.
1 s hyperf. trans. freq. Δ𝜈𝜈 9 192 631 770 s−1 0
2 m speed of light 𝑐𝑐 299 792 458 m s−1 1
3 kg Planck constant ℎ 6.626 070 15 × 10−34 kg m2 s−1 2
4 A elementary charge 𝑒𝑒 1.602 176 634 × 10−19 A s 1
5 K Boltzmann constant 𝑘𝑘 1.380 649 × 10−23 kg m2 s−1K−1 3
6 mol Avogadro constant 𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 6.022 140 86 × 1023 mol−1 0
7 cd luminous efficacy 𝐾𝐾𝑐𝑐𝑑𝑑 683 lm s3 kg−1m−2 3
Physical Measurement Laboratory
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Proof unit constant name Symbol Num. value base unit dep.
1 mol Avogadro constant 𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 6.022 140 86 × 1023 mol−1 0
2 s hyperf. trans. freq. Δ𝜈𝜈 9 192 631 770 s−1 0
3 A elementary charge 𝑒𝑒 1.602 176 634 × 10−19 A s 1
4 m speed of light 𝑐𝑐 299 792 458 m s−1 1
5 kg Planck constant ℎ 6.626 070 15 × 10−34 kg m2 s−1 2
6 K Boltzmann constant 𝑘𝑘 1.380 649 × 10−23 kg m2 s−1K−1 3
7 cd luminous efficacy 𝐾𝐾𝑐𝑐𝑑𝑑 683 lm s3 kg−1m−2 3
Physical Measurement Laboratory
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Ha
ℎ
H. Kubbinga, A tribute to Max Planck, Europhysics News 49, 27 (2018)
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Consider the simple pendulum
Physical Measurement Laboratory
m
𝑙𝑙
m
𝑙𝑙
m
𝑙𝑙
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Consider the simple pendulum
Physical Measurement Laboratory
m
𝑙𝑙
m
𝑙𝑙
m
𝑙𝑙
m
𝑙𝑙
m
𝑙𝑙
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Consider the simple pendulum
Physical Measurement Laboratory
m
𝑙𝑙
m
𝑙𝑙
m
𝑙𝑙
m
𝑙𝑙
m
𝑙𝑙
𝑛𝑛ℎ
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Consider the simple pendulum
Physical Measurement Laboratory
m
𝑙𝑙
m
𝑙𝑙
m
𝑙𝑙
m
𝑙𝑙
m
𝑙𝑙
ℎ
10ℎ
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Consider the simple pendulum
Physical Measurement Laboratory
m
𝑙𝑙
m
𝑙𝑙
m
𝑙𝑙
m
𝑙𝑙
ℎ
5ℎ
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Consider the simple pendulum
Physical Measurement Laboratory
m
𝑙𝑙
ℎ
ℎ
position & momentum is fuzzy
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𝜆𝜆𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 =ℎ𝑝𝑝
DeBroglie wavelength
𝜆𝜆𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 ≈ 𝑑𝑑
quantum mechanics
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕Ψ = −
𝑖2
2𝑚𝑚𝛻𝛻2 + 𝑉𝑉 Ψ
𝜆𝜆𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 > 𝑑𝑑
h is here
classical mechanics
�⃗�𝐹 = 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑2𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑𝜕𝜕2
𝜆𝜆𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 < 𝑑𝑑
kg is here
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Consider the simple pendulum
30o
m
𝑙𝑙
𝜆𝜆 =ℎ
𝑚𝑚 𝑔𝑔𝑙𝑙
kilogram-sized masses are very far (read: 30 orders) away from the quantum mechanical regime
𝜔𝜔 = 𝑔𝑔/𝑙𝑙
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Two ways to connect h to the kilogram at 1kg level • Use a small mass
• Scale
• 𝑚𝑚e ∝ ℎ
• 𝑀𝑀 = 𝑛𝑛 ⋅ 𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 ⋅ 𝑟𝑟 ⋅ 𝑚𝑚e
• Quantum electrical standards
• 𝑅𝑅𝐾𝐾 = ℎ𝑒𝑒2
& 𝐾𝐾𝐽𝐽 = ℎ2𝑒𝑒
•𝐾𝐾𝐽𝐽2
𝑅𝑅𝐾𝐾= ℎ
4
• 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑒𝑐𝑐ℎ
X-Ray Crystal Density Method (XRCD) Kibble balance
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Challenges and opportunities
• Explaining the realization of the kg from h is hard.
• Explaining the Planck constant is hard.
• Explaining the two realization experiments is hard.
• We have the opportunity to talk about quantum mechanics when asked a simple question, “What is a kilogram?”
• The realization experiments are fun!
Physical Measurement Laboratory
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Outline – Three mysteries
• The mystery of mass
• The mystery of explaining the unit of mass
• The mystery of what’s next
Physical Measurement Laboratory
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From a fixed point to a scale-invariant constant
Physical Measurement Laboratory
Graph adapted from: B.W. Petley, Physical constants and the SI, NPL News Jan.1987.
𝑐𝑐 = 299 792 458 m/s
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From a fixed point to a scale-invariant constant
Physical Measurement Laboratory
https://space-geodesy.nasa.gov/NSGN/ sites/GGAO/GGAO_photos.html
Graph adapted from: B.W. Petley, Physical constants and the SI, NPL News Jan.1987.
𝑐𝑐 = 299 792 458 m/s
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From a fixed point to a scale-invariant constant
Physical Measurement Laboratory
https://space-geodesy.nasa.gov/NSGN/ sites/GGAO/GGAO_photos.html
Graph adapted from: B.W. Petley, Physical constants and the SI, NPL News Jan.1987.
𝑐𝑐 = 299 792 458 m/s ℎ = 6.626 070 15 × 10−34 kg m2/s
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From a point to a scale invariant constant
Physical Measurement Laboratory
1.6 × 10−8
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From a point to a scale invariant constant
Physical Measurement Laboratory
1.6 × 10−8
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From a point to a scale invariant constant
Physical Measurement Laboratory
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Why lower the uncertainties for lower values? • Commerce: • Science
Physical Measurement Laboratory
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Why lower the uncertainties for lower values? • Commerce:
Physical Measurement Laboratory
Californium 98Cf
1 kg is valued at 27,000,000,000 USD = 2.7 × 1010 USD
Here it is
• Science
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Why lower the uncertainties for lower values? • Commerce: • Science
Physical Measurement Laboratory
Californium 98Cf
1 kg is valued at 27,000,000,000 USD = 2.7 × 1010 USD
Here it is
calibration masses
auxiliary masses
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From a point to a scale invariant constant
Physical Measurement Laboratory
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From a point to a scale invariant constant
Physical Measurement Laboratory
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From a point to a scale invariant constant
Physical Measurement Laboratory
Improvement by almost 2 orders of magnitude due to the revised SI
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The mass scale is vast
rest mass of the electron
IPK
massive black hole
measured masses of “simple” objects.
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Weighing 29(4) solar masses
• ≈ 5.76(80) × 1031 kg
Physical Measurement Laboratory
• Multiple gravitational wave detectors require consistent calibration.
• Calibration cam be performed by photon pressure on the end mirror.
• Needs precise (10-4) calibration of laser power.
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Physical Measurement Laboratory
Concept: A precision scale with a mirror attached can measure the radiation force of light.
Minimal absorption, power-scalable, no
thermal recovery time.
Laser power Application Equivalent
mass Object
10 W Marking 6.7 microgram eyelash
1 kW Welding/Cutting 670 microgram grain of sand
100 kW Research /
Defense 67 milligrams two staples
Traditional approach: Energy meter Absorption-based Energy ∝ ∆T
Incident Energy
Calorimeter: Energy range: > 300 kJ Response time: minutes Size: cubic meters Weight: hundreds of pounds ~1% uncertainty
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The horizontal Kibble/electrostatic force balance
Physical Measurement Laboratory
Air bearing setup
Laser Interferometer Moving coil
Seismometer suspension in horizontal plane
Laser Interferometer
Moving magnet
Coil
Magnet
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Ian Robinson: The Kibble balance: measuring mass and related quantities in the revised SI
Physical Measurement Laboratory
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Vojtech Palinkas: Gravity measurements supporting Kibble balances
Physical Measurement Laboratory
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Horst Bettin: Silicon spheres for the realization of the new kilogram definition
Physical Measurement Laboratory
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Kenichi Fujii: Realization of small mass, force and torque measurements based on the new
definition of the kilogram
Physical Measurement Laboratory
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Corey Stambaugh: The NIST Magnetic Suspension Mass Comparator for Vacuum-to-Air Transfer of the Unit of
Mass: Current Status
Physical Measurement Laboratory
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Stuart Davidson: Real-time contamination monitoring on mass standards stored in inert gas
Physical Measurement Laboratory
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Karl Jousten: Traceable desorption and outgassing rate measurements
Physical Measurement Laboratory
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Challenges and opportunities
• It will a while until the scale will be freed from the cardinal point at 1 kg
• laser power outside scope of CCM
• Let’s shoot for the stars! • Kibble/electrostatic balances for
quantities other than mass: force, torque, laser power
• Let’s expand the range of KBs/ EFBs to small masses
• Collaborations between CCs
Physical Measurement Laboratory
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Physical Measurement Laboratory
Thanks
Time machines you work on these and 10 years feel like 1 year!