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Pagkilala sa Papel ng Kababaihan sa Agrikultura: Ang makasaysayang
pag-aaral
MTWRC, Inc. CHR - 12
METSA Foundation, Inc.
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Gabay sa presentasyon
I. Kahulogan sa agrikultura
II. Panahon sa wala pa ang banyagang pananakop
III. Panahon sa Kastila
IV. Panahon sa Ameriko at Hapon
V. Panahon sa Green Revolution, WTO at GMO
VI. Ang Rice Crisis
VII. Ang pagbabago sa klima (Climate change)
VII. Karapatan at panawagan
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Ano ang Agrikultura?
Ang agrikultura ay isang siyensya na pamamahala sa pagpapalaki ng mga tanim at hayop para sa pangangailangan ng pamilya / mamamayan.
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Kakayahan ng babae magsasaka
Hiyas ng isang babae ang kagalingan nito sa pag-aalaga at magpapalago sa mga tanim at hayup
Kasali na dito ang pag-aalaga sa kalikasan
Ito ang pangunahing dahilan sa paglitaw at paglago sa agrikultura (Babaye ang naka discover sa agrikultura)
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Simula sa agrikultura
Noon…Hunting and gathering (lalaki)
Agrikultura nag-umpisa noong 8,000BC
Babae ang unang magsasaka sa pamamagitan ng pagdiskobre sa kahalagahan sa binhi (paano itago at magpili)
Pinaniwalaan na una itong nagsimula sa middle east
Layunin: Pagkain sa pamilya at tribo/katilingban (na organic)
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mahalagang yugto sa sistemang Agrikultura sa Pilipinas
7,000 BC
1565
1898
1960
1995
2002
2010 –
present
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Ang Kasaysayan at Trend sa Agrikultura sa Pilipinas at ang Papel ng Kababaihan
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7,000BC – 1565: panahon na wala pa ang banyagang pananakop
Lahat merong access sa lupa likas yaman
Babae -own property, public affairs, mananatili ang apelyedo, at divorce
Mataas ang pagtingin sa isang babae.
Babaylan (babaye)– responsible panahon sa pagpanganak, kasal, lubing, pagtatanim at ani
Babaylan din ang tagapili ng binhi, kailan magtanim at lugar nga taniman
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Papel ng babae sa agrikultura Tagapangolekta ug nagapalago ng binhi: Pilipinas
merong sobra 4,000 rice varieties
Domestication of wild animals – tulad ng manok at baboy
Lihi-lihi – “mas mabuti kung babae ang magtanim ng camote”
Pagkilala sa timpo kung kailan pwedi magtanim
Planting and harvesting rituals at community festivals (kadayawan)
Bottom line: malaki papel na ginagampanan ng babae sa pagpapakain ng mamamayan at mataas ang pagtingin sa mamamayan sa kababaihan.
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Domestication of wild animals
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Banaue Rice Terraces, 1,000BC
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1565-1898: Pananakop ng Espanya
Regalian Doctrine – lahat na mga lupain at yaman sa bansa pinagmamay-ari ng ng Hari sa Espanya (nawalan ng karapatan ang mga Pilipino sa lupa)
Binago ang mukha at papel ng kababaihan sa komunidad “pambahay lang ang babae”
mababa ang babae kaysa lalaki (ex. Pagkawala ng apelyedo)
Di pinapaaral ang babae (sapagkat siya lang man ay magsisilbi sa kanyang asawa at tagapag-alaga ng mga bata)
Ugat ng kasal-anan ang mga babae (kaya’t hindi pweding ihalo sa mga kalalakihan).
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Papel ng babae sa agrikultura
Sistemang Encomienda – maraming mga kababaihan ang napapaalis sa kanilang sakahan dahil ito minamay-ari ng mga pamilyang kastila
Sistemang Hacienda – nagiging trabahante at “saop” ng mga hacienda ang mga kababaihan. For the first time pinapatanim ng mga Kastila ang mga kababaihan ng mga tanim na hindi pangangailangan tulad ng tubo, abaca, at tabaco (export crops ito)
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Sinira ng sistemang encomienda at hacienda ang mga mabuting pamamaraan sa pagsasaka na pinapalago at naipasa-pasa sa libuang taon na karanasan ng mga kababaihan.
Kinalala na ang “lihi-lihi” sa pagsasaka ay hindi mula Diyos o may-likha.
Itinigil / sinira ang mga planting and harvest festivals
Pinaghahabol ang mga babaylan dahil sila daw ay “barangan o mangkukulam”.
Sinira ng Kastila ang direktang papel ng kababaihan sa agrikultura.
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1898-1945: Pagpanakop sa US ug Japan
Ipinapatuloy ng Amerikano ang mga pamamaraan ng Kastila
Ninakaw ang malawak na lupain sa pamamagitan ng Land Registration Act of 1902 ug Public Land Act .
Ang Hacienda gi convert into plantations, pero ini- introduce ang maramihang paggamit ng chemicals sa mga plantations
Nag- bukas ang malawak na lupain dito sa Mindanao (Davao areas) para sa kanilang plantations
Nag introduced ng new export crops tulad ng rubber, pineapple, rami ug abaca
Pinapalakas ang export-oriented na balangkas sa agrikultura
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Papel ng babae sa agrikultura
Minos ang connection tali sa pagkababae at agrikultura dahil sa paglakas ng konsepto na “magpunta sa syudad para magtrabaho sa pabrika”
Nagiging “commodity” ang babae (model, prostitute, victims of trafficking)
Mas naka-focus na ang babae sa bahay, at lumalayo na sa kanya ag trabahong agrikultura.
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1960: Programang Green Revolution
Pandaigdigang pagbabago sa sistema ng pagsasaka.
Mula sa paggiging malaya sa chemicals hanggang sa mas dependenti nito sa synthetic fertilizers and petro-chemicals.
Pinapangunahan ng IRRI (1960), CIMMYT (1966) at 14 other CGIAR Centers, at sinusuportahan ng agro-chemical TNCs tulad ng Monsanto, Pioneer ug Syngenta
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1st Phase: Itinatag ang IRRI (rice) at CIMMYT (corn and wheat) at 14 other CGIAR centers
2nd Phase: Kinukolekta ang mga traditional seeds at itinatago sa kanilang genebank
3rd Phase: Nagbuo ng HYV/HIV mula sa mga seed varieties na nakolekta
4th Phase: Gumawa ng mga programa ang Gobyerno tulad Masagana 99, sa pamamagitan ng ahensya sa DA upang palakasin ang paggamit ng synthetic fertilizer at petro-chemicals na tipo sa pagsaka.
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Epekto ng Green Revolution sa papel ng kababaihan sa agrikultura
Nawawala ang mga Traditional na binhi at napalitan ng mga hybrid at certified seeds
Sistematikong nabago ang tipo sa pagsaka mula sa pagiging chemical-dependent: mayaman o mahirap, panginoong may lupa yutaan o saop, gumagamit na ng chemicals
At lalo nang nawawala din ang kaalaman at kakayahan ng pagsaka na pinapalago at ng mga kababaihan.
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Kung kailangan natin ng binhi hindi na kukuha galing sa harvest natin sa sakahan kundi bibili na sa tindahan (agrivet supplies)
Ang pagkontrol sa peste o dangan hindi sa pamamagitan ng “panuig o pangulilang” o iba pang tradisyonal na kaalaman sa kababaihan, kundili sa paggamit ng synthetic chemicals (pero mas dumami pa talaga ang peste)
Nawala ang kultura ng pagbibigayan ng binhi
Nawala din ang bayanihan o hunglos .
Pinalakas ang kultura sa pagngungutang para pagbili ng binhi at abono
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Nawala ang pinaka-nakasanayan practice ng kababaihan na “home garden”
Maraming mga babae ang nalason dahil sa paggamit ng chemicals
Hindi na din ligtas sa lason ang pagkain
Kasali nang nailagay sa alanganin ang kaligtasan ng buong pamilya
Nasira ang balanse ng kalikasan –resulta sa pagliliit sa pinagkukunan ng pagkain.
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Pagsalig sa hybrid seeds
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Common sa pamilya : short, failure, OD
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1995: Ang Pilipinas sumasali sa WTO
Pagdesinyo ng agricultural framework sa Pilipinas para sa export market (pagpapalakas /paspas ng patatanim sa mga high valued crops tulad ng cavendish banana, oil palm ug pinya)
Pagbukas sa ating mga local markets para sa mga agricultural products mula sa ibang bansa tulad ng sibuyas at bawang (pagpapalakas sa pag-import)
Ang konkretong expresyon nito ay ang Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) of 1997
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Atong Bahandi 1. Lupa 2. Minerals 3. Tubig 4. Kahoy 5. Agri. Products 6. Humans
Highly Industrialized Countries 1. USA 2. Japan 3. Germany 4. United Kingdom 5. France 6. Italy 7. Canada 8. Australia
WTO
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Pangunahing pananim sa Agribusiness Plantations
1. Cavendish Banana 2. Oil Palm
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Ang agrikultura sa Mindanao sa ilalim ng WTO
Rice - 692,341. 43 has. planted
Corn - 906,725.57 has. planted
Cavendish Bananas: 500,000 has. (existing)
1.6M has. expansion
Oil Palm : 24,603 has. (existing)
304,350 has. expansion
Cassava: 50,000 has
Cassava: 100,000 has.
Jatropha: 50,000 has
Pineapple: 51,500 has.
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Groundwater
Recharge Zone
Groundwater
Extraction Zone
LIPADAS WATERSHED
17,764.94 Has.
TALOMO WATERSHED
20,695.92 Has.
MALAGOS WATERSHED
235 Has.
Legend: green – banana
orange - pineapple
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Plantasyon – banta sa kalusugan ng kababaihan at kalikasan
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Ang dating sakahan ay tinaniman na ng export crops
Ang mga babae na dating nagsaka sa kanilang sariling sakahan ay nagiging “seasonal workers” na lamang sa mga plantasyon
50% sa kababaihann sa bundok ang nagiging “agricultural workers” – sila din ang bumubuo ng poorest group sa Pilipinas (Sen. Meriam Santiago)
Epekto ng WTO sa papel ng kababaihan sa agrikultura
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Wala nang parte ang babae sa kanyang ambag sa agrikultura.
Nagiging dependent sa pagbili ng pagkaon instead na kanyang i-produce.
Nawalan ng access sa lupa
Kinuhaan ng karapatan na makapag-alaga ng hayop
Di na rin ang epektibo ang konsepto sa home garden
Expose masyado ang mga babae sa chemicals (birth defects and abnormalities)
Suliranin sa food insecurity
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Pagkatanggal sa mga Filipinong magsasaka mula sa mga Primera-Klaseng lupang Agrikultural pabor sa mga Plantasyon
Filipinong Mag-uuma Agri. Corporation
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2002: GMO sa Agrikultura
Ang GMO o Genetically Modified Organism isang uri ng organismo (maging tanim, hayop, o mikrobyo) na nagkaroon ng “gene alteration” gamit ang teknolohiyang gitawag Genetic Engineering (GE). Komplekado kini nga proseso ug risky (I-SIS).
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1. Bt-corn
2. RR-corn
3. Stacked events
/combination of Bt and RR
Planong itanim pa
1. Bt-talong
2. Golden/Vit. A Rice
3. Bt-rice
4. Bt-papaya
Mga GM-crops na itinatanim dito sa Pilipinas
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Epekto sa GM Crops sa papel ng kababaihan sa agrikultura
Patented na binhi – nawala ang karapatan ng mga magsasaka sa binhi
Ang lason ay hindi na gina-spray (tulad sa panahon ng Green Revolution) kasi mismo na ang tanim ay nagpapalabas na ng sariling lason (pesticide crops)
Ang babae nagiging “purely planters” na lamang at at hindi na farmers
Sila ang “first in the line” nakatanggap ng masamang epekto sa GM crops
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2008: Rice Crisis
1 Filipino maka-consume ng average 128kg per year
Rice Area: 3.9M hectares (Vietnam: 84M pop. with 7M hectares rice areas)
Shortage of 2.61MMT (SHORT: Current production can’t supply the consumption rate of the Filipinos)
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noon
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ngayon…
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Nanatiling mataas sa importation sa Rice
Food insecurity 2002 – 1.14 million metric tons
2005 – 1.67 million metric tons (P 17billion)
2007 – 1.65 million MT
Phil – 1st biggest rice importer in the world
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Mataas masyado ang rate sa kagutom sa Pilipinas Phil - 1:6 walang makain and 5th country with massive hungry people (gallop pool research institute, Nov. 2008 survey result)
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Babaeng “macho”
Hindi pina-priority ang pagpapaunlad ng agrikultura
Priority: Call Centers, pagpadala of OFWs, Mining, GMOs, at pagnanakaw sa pera ng bayan
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2010-2012: Climate Change
ug si Pres. Noynoying
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1.Sobrang
kainit
2. Abnormal nga
precipitation
/ulan
Sobrang kainit:
Paglitaw ng mga bagong
peste at sakit
Pagbaba sa ani/yield (rice:1kg=4,700L water, corn:1kg=1,400L
Pagdapagdami ng mga
damo
Pagbaba sa no. of varieties
sa tanim
Abnormal nga
precipitation:
Baha
Damage to crops
Damage to livestock
Combined effects
Food Shortage
Pagtaas sa presyo
Kagutom/famine
Malnutrition
Injuries
Thermal stress
Infectious/makatakud
nga diseases
Conflicts
Damage to properties
Damage to
infrastructures
Damage to livelihood
Damage to lives
May masamang
epekto sa
agrikultura
Climate Change at ang epekto nito
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Epektibong pamamaraan ng Kababaihan para para malampasan ang epekto sa Climate Change
Seed saving
Breeding
Propagation ug production sa indigenous micro-organisms,
Pests and diseases management
Herbal Garden
Pag-aalaga ng native animals
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Mensahe…
Ang kababaihan ay may malaking kontrbusyon sa pagpapaunlad sa agrikultura, subalit ito nawawala dahil sa kolonisasyon, mapanlinlang na teknolohiya sa pagsaka, at mag hindi pantay na kasunduan at palisiya na iniimpleminta sa gobyerno.
Makilahok at kumilos para sa PAGBABAGO!
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Pantay na papel ng babae’t lalaki sa pagprotekta sa kalikasan at pagkain ng mamamayan
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72 Commission on Human Rights XII
The Universal
Declaration on
Human Rights
(UDHR) and the
Convention on
the Elimination
of all Forms of
Discrimination
Against Women
1948: Pandaigdigang Deklarasyon ng
Karapatang Pantao
Nagpahayag ng “Tiwala sa
pundamental na Karapatang
Pantao, sa dignidad at
halaga ng tao, at sa pantay na karapatan ng
lalaki at babae”.
Kumprehensibong sakop sa
karapatan ng mga kababaihan (both public and private spheres)
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“Women’s
Rights
are
Human
Rights”
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HUMAN RIGHTS
are not the making of
philosophers, or
lawyers or commissions
or of parliaments;
hey are not fruit of
philosophical ideas;
are born out of the concrete struggle of the people;
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Sen. Jose W. Diokno . . .
“HUMAN RIGHTS are more than legal concepts; they are the essence of man/women or children; deny them and you deny man’s/womens’ or children’s humanity”
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The Convention was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 18
December 1979 (Resolution 34/180) and entered into force on 03 September 1981.
“x . . . discrimination against women violates the principles of equality of rights and respect for human dignity;
is an obstacle to the participation of women, on equal terms with men, in the political, social, economic and cultural life of their countries,
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"discrimination against women" shall mean any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field.
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CONDEMN DISCRIMINATION against women in all its forms,
and eliminate discrimination against women.
State Parties :
UNDERTAKE ALL APPROPRIATE MEASURES TO,
AND ON EQUAL BASIS WITH MEN:
LEGAL PROTECTION
embody the principle of the equality of men and women
in their national constitutions . . .
adopt appropriate legislative and other measures,
including sanctions where appropriate, prohibiting all
discrimination against women;
establish legal protection to ensure through competent
national tribunals and other public institutions against any
act of discrimination;
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Training on Mainstreaming Gender on Peacebuilding initiatives
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