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Semester 1Semester 1
CHAPTER 5CHAPTER 5
Le Chi TrungLe Chi Trung
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ContentContent
• Most common LAN media
• Making cable - LAB
• Layer 1 components and devices
• Collisions and collision domains
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ScheduleSchedule
No Name Est time No Name15-May Chapter 4 Online Exam
5.1 The most common media 0:30:005.2 Cable specifications and termination 0:30:00
17-May 5.4 Layer 1 components and devices 0:30:005.3 The process of maring and testing cables 5.3.1 Basic Cable Tester
5.3.2 Straight-Thru Cable5.3.3 Rollover Cable5.3.4 Crossover Cable5.3.5 Cable Tester - Wire Map5.3.6 Straight-Thru Cable5.3.7 Cable Tester – Length
19-May 5.5 Collisions and collision domains in shared layer 1:00:005.6 The basic topologies used in networking 0:30:00
Summary Chapter 5 0:30:0022-May Chapter 5 Online Exam
DayLesson Lab
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MOST COMMON LAN MEDIAMOST COMMON LAN MEDIA
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Shielded twisted-pair (STP)Shielded twisted-pair (STP)
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Shielded twisted-pair (STP)Shielded twisted-pair (STP)
• Protection from all types of external interference, include EMI and RFI.
• Cancellation: twisting of wires.
• Shielding.
• More expensive.
• Maximum cable length 100m.
• 150Ω for Token ring.
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Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)
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Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)
• Cancellation: twisted wire pairs.
• More prone to EMI/RFI than any other cable.
• Least expensive of all media, small diameter of cable, easy to install.
• Maximum cable length 100m.
• 100Ω for Ethernet.
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Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)
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Screened Twisted-pair (ScTP – FTP)Screened Twisted-pair (ScTP – FTP)
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Screened Twisted-pair (ScTP – FTP)Screened Twisted-pair (ScTP – FTP)
• Hybrid of UTP with STP.
• Maximum cable length 100m.
• 100Ω for Ethernet.
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Coaxial CableCoaxial Cable
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Coaxial CableCoaxial Cable
• Technology is well known (Cable TV).
• The shield can help reduce the amount of outside interference.
• Longer cable runs than UTP & STP.
• Maximum cable length :
– Thin cable : 185 m.
– Thick cable : 500 m.
• 50Ω for Ethernet.
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Coaxial CableCoaxial Cable
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Coaxial CableCoaxial Cable
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Fiber Optic CableFiber Optic Cable
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Fiber Optic CableFiber Optic Cable
• Medium capable of light transmissions.
• Higher data rates (>100Mbps).
• NO EMI and RFI.
• Very expensive.
• Difficult to install.
• Maximum cable length :
– Single Mode : 3000 m.
– Multi Mode : 2000 m.
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Fiber Optic CableFiber Optic Cable
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Single mode and multi modeSingle mode and multi mode
• Single: Light to travel in a straight line.
• Multi: Light to travel multiple paths.
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Wireless CommunicationWireless Communication
• No wires.
• Challenges : – Distance.
– Obstacle.
– Bandwidth allocation.
– Security.
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Electromagnetic CalculatorElectromagnetic Calculator
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MovieMovie
Fiber Optic
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Media specificationsMedia specifications
ISO: International Standards Organization.
IEEE:Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers.
UL: Underwriters Laboratories.
EIA: Electronic Industries Alliance.
TIA: Telecommunications Industry Association.
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StandardStandard
• Standards are sets of rules or procedures that are either widely used, or officially specified.
• The OSI model standards ensured compatibility and interoperability between the various types of network technologies that were produced by the many companies around the world.
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Cable and wiring cable standardCable and wiring cable standard
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TIA/EIA-568-A: TIA/EIA-568-A: StandardStandard
Telecommunications cabling standard:
• Horizontal cabling.
• Telecommunications closets.
• Backbone cabling.
• Equipment rooms.
• Work areas.
• Entrance facilities.
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TIA/EIA-568-A: TIA/EIA-568-A: TerminologiesTerminologies
• We will focus on standards for data horizontal cabling.
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TIA/EIA-568-A:TIA/EIA-568-A: Twisted-pair cablesTwisted-pair cables
• Category 1 is used for telephone and is not suitable for transmitting data.
• Category 2 is capable of transmitting data at speeds up to 4 Mbps.
• Category 3 is used in Ethernet, and can transmit data at speeds up to 10 Mbps.
• Category 4 is used in Token Ring, and can transmit data at speeds up to 16 Mbps.
• Category 5 can transmit data at speeds up to 100 Mbps.
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TIA/EIA-568-A:TIA/EIA-568-A: Horizontal cablingHorizontal cabling
Two cables at each work area:
• Voice:
– Unshielded twisted-pair, UTP cable.
• Data:
– Shielded twisted-pair, STP cable.
– Unshielded twisted-pair, UTP cable.
– Filer-optic cable.
– Coaxial cable.
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TIA/EIA-568-A:TIA/EIA-568-A: PurposePurpose
• To specify a generic telecommunications cabling system.
• To provide direction for the design of telecommunications equipment and cabling products.
• To enable the planning and installation of the structured cable system, that is capable of supporting diverse telecom.
• To establish technical criteria for various types of cable and connecting hardware.
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ReviewReview
• Types of networking media may be used to connect computers.
• TIA/EIA-568-A is the most widely used standards.
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MAKING CABLE - LABMAKING CABLE - LAB
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Making cablesMaking cables
• Making Ethernet 10Base-T cables:
– Straight-thru cable: PC-to-HUB.
– Crossover cable: PC-to-PC.
• Making console cables:
– Rollover cable:
• Serial port-to-console port of Cisco equipments.
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10Base-T:10Base-T: NICNIC network port network port
1: Transmit
2: Transmit
3: Receive
4: Not used
5: Not used
6: Receive
7: Not used
8: Not used
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10Base-T:10Base-T: HUBHUB network port network port
1: Receive
2: Receive
3: Transmit
4: Not used
5: Not used
6: Transmit
7: Not used
8: Not used
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10Base-T: 10Base-T: T568-BT568-B
1: White Orange
2: Orange
3: White Green
4: Blue
5: White Blue
6: Green
7: White Brown
8: Brown
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10Base-T: 10Base-T: T568-AT568-A
1: White Green
2: Green
3: White Orange
4: Blue
5: White Blue
6: Orange
7: White Brown
8: Brown
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10Base-T: 10Base-T: Straight-thru cableStraight-thru cable
1: White Orange
2: Orange
3: White Green
4: Blue
5: White Blue
6: Green
7: White Brown
8: Brown
1: White Orange
2: Orange
3: White Green
4: Blue
5: White Blue
6: Green
7: White Brown
8: Brown
PC HUB
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10Base-T: 10Base-T: Crossover cableCrossover cable
1: White Green
2: Green
3: White Orange
4: Blue
5: White Blue
6: Orange
7: White Brown
8: Brown
1: White Orange
2: Orange
3: White Green
4: Blue
5: White Blue
6: Green
7: White Brown
8: Brown
PC PC
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10Base-T: 10Base-T: Cut a length of cableCut a length of cable
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10Base-T: 10Base-T: Strip off the jacketStrip off the jacket
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10Base-T: 10Base-T: Separate the wiresSeparate the wires
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10Base-T: 10Base-T: Untwist the wiresUntwist the wires
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10Base-T: 10Base-T: Organize and flatten wiresOrganize and flatten wires
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10Base-T: 10Base-T: Clip the wiresClip the wires
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10Base-T: 10Base-T: Insert wires into RJ-45 plugInsert wires into RJ-45 plug
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10Base-T: 10Base-T: Push the wires inPush the wires in
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10Base-T: 10Base-T: Inspect the color codeInspect the color code
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10Base-T: 10Base-T: Crimp down the wiresCrimp down the wires
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10Base-T: 10Base-T: Inspect both endsInspect both ends
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10Base-T: 10Base-T: Test the quality of cableTest the quality of cable
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Preparation for LABPreparation for LAB
• 5.3.2: Straight-through cable.
• 5.3.3: Crossover cable.
• 5.3.5: Cable tester – wire map.
• Lab companion:
– 5.3.2.
– 5.3.3.
– 5.3.5.
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ReviewReview
• Making 10Base-T straight-thru cable.
• Making 10Base-T crossover cable.
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LAYER 1 LAYER 1
COMPONENTS AND DEVICESCOMPONENTS AND DEVICES
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Ethernet, a LAN technology Ethernet, a LAN technology
10Base-2: 50Ω Thin cable, 185m.
10Base-5: 50Ω Thick cable, 500m.
10Base-T: 100Ω UTP cable, 100m.
10Base-F: Fiber optic cable, 1000m.
100Base-TX: 100Ω UTP/STP cable, 100m.
100Base-T4: 100Ω UTP (4p) cable, 100m.
100Base-FX: Fiber optic cable, 400m.
1000Base-T: 100Ω UTP/STP cable, 100m.
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Ethernet 10Base-T Ethernet 10Base-T
• The Ethernet 10Base-T technologies carry Ethernet frames on twisted-pair wirings.
• The Ethernet 10Base-T cables are terminated with RJ-45 connectors.
• The Ethernet 10Base-T technologies use HUB as concentrator.
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10Base-T: 10Base-T: Layer 1 componentsLayer 1 components
• Passive components:– Cables
– Patch panels
– Plugs
– Jacks
• Active components:– Transceivers
– Repeaters
– Hubs
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10Base-T:10Base-T: CAT5 cables CAT5 cables
• The 10Base-T standard cable.
• UTP cable.
• The twisting of wires limits interference.
• Maximum length 100m.
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10Base-T:10Base-T: CAT5 cables CAT5 cables
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10Base-T:10Base-T: RJ-45 plugs RJ-45 plugs
• Connector, Terminator.
• Standard 10Base-T terminator is the RJ-45 plugs (Registered Jack 45).
• Similar to phone plug except the RJ-45 has 8 pins instead of 4 pins.
• Reduces noise, reflection & mechanical stability problems.
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10Base-T:10Base-T: RJ-45 plugs RJ-45 plugs
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10Base-T:10Base-T: RJ-45 jacks RJ-45 jacks
• RJ-45 Jacks have 8 conductors that match the RJ-45 plugs.
• On the other side of the RJ-45 jack is a punch down block where wires are separated out.
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10Base-T:10Base-T: RJ-45 jacks RJ-45 jacks
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10Base-T:10Base-T: RJ-45 jacks RJ-45 jacks
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10Base-T:10Base-T: Patch panels Patch panels
• Patch panels are used to group a work area’s connections.
• One side has a place for each RJ-45 plug.
• The back side has punch down blocks that provide connectivity.
• Rack mounted.
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10Base-T:10Base-T: Patch panels Patch panels
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10Base-T:10Base-T: Patch panels Patch panels
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10Base-T:10Base-T: Transceiver Transceiver
• Transceiver is an short for transmitter and receiver.
• Transceivers are media converters:
– RJ-45 – AUI.
– RJ-45 – BNC.
– RJ-45 – Optical.
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10Base-T:10Base-T: Transceiver Transceiver
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10Base-T:10Base-T: Repeater Repeater
• Regenerates signals:
– Enables cables to extend farther to reach longer distances.
– Increase number of nodes that can be connected to a network.
• Cannot filter traffic.
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10Base-T:10Base-T: Hub Hub
• Multi port repeater.
• Allows many devices to be inter-connected.
• Center of a star topology network.
• Cannot filter traffic.
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10Base-T:10Base-T: Hub Hub
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ReviewReview
• All of layer 1 devices:
– Create or act on the bits.
– Recognize no frame, no address, no data.
• Many network problems are traceable to bad RJ-45 terminations, jacks, punch-downs, repeaters, hubs, or transceivers.
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COLLISIONS COLLISIONS
AND AND
COLLISION DOMAINSCOLLISION DOMAINS
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Types of NetworksTypes of Networks
Shared media environment
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Types of NetworksTypes of Networks
Packet switching vs. Circuit switching
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CollisionsCollisions
• More than one node attempts to transmit at the same time.
• Collisions occur in broadcast topology:– Ethernet LAN technology.
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CollisionsCollisions
• A collision happens when two bit are on a point of media at the same time.
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Ethernet technology: Ethernet technology: Collision DetectCollision Detect
• Allow only one data packet to access the cable at any one time.
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Collisions domainCollisions domain
• Collision Domains are the area where collisions occur.
• Layer 1 devices will not solve collision problems.
• Layer 1 devices simply extend collision domains.
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Collisions domain: Collisions domain: Share accessShare access
• Limits the number of computers
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Collisions domain: Collisions domain: RepeaterRepeater
• Propagate collisions
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Collisions domain: Collisions domain: HUBHUB
• Propagate collisions
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Collisions domainCollisions domain
• All of layer 1 interconnections are part of the collision domain.
• Extending a network with a repeater or a hub, results in a larger collision domain.
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4 repeater rule4 repeater rule
• Ethernet technology.
• No more than 4 repeaters or hubs can be between any two computers on collision domain.
• Maximum round trip time:
– Max RTT = 512 bit time = 51.2s.
• Max RTT = wait for next transmission.
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4 repeater rule4 repeater rule
• 5.4.3.2.1 Rule
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5-4-3-2-1 rule5-4-3-2-1 rule
• 5 sections of the network.
• 4 repeaters or hubs.
• 3 sections of the network are "mixing" sections (with hosts).
• 2 sections are link sections (for link purposes).
• 1 large collision domain.
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Collision Domain SegmentationCollision Domain Segmentation
• Layer 1 devices will not segment a collision domain. Why?
• Segmentation is the process of dividing a collision domain into two or more collision domains.
• The only way to segment a collision domain is to use a device that can filter network traffic.
• What devices are capable of filtering?
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Segmenting Collision DomainSegmenting Collision Domain
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Packet Flow: Packet Flow: Layer 2 DeviceLayer 2 Device
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Packet Flow:Packet Flow: Layer 3 Device Layer 3 Device
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Segmenting Collision DomainSegmenting Collision Domain
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Teaching TopologyTeaching Topology
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Basic TopologiesBasic Topologies
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TopologiesTopologies
• Mathematical perspective– Map of node and links
• Physical perspective– Plan for wiring the physical devices
• Logical perspective– How information flows through a network
Homework
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ReviewReview
• Collision.
• Collision domain.
• How to separate collision domain.