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THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Topic 1
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WHAT IS SCIENCE?
- a body of knowledge based on observation
and experimentation
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HOW DO WE ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SCIENCE?
We use the SCIENTIFIC METHOD
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WHAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD?
- a series of steps to be followed when trying to reach a
conclusion
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WHAT ARE THE STEPS?
1. Ask a question2. Do Research3. Form a Hypothesis4. Perform an Experiment5. Collect and Analyze
Data6. Make a Conclusion
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1. ASK A QUESTION
- questions usually come from
observations you make about your
surroundings
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WHAT’S AN OBSERVATION?
- an observation is information gathered using one or many of your senses
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THE SENSES
How many do you have? 5
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EXAMPLES OF QUESTIONS/ PROBLEMS…•Why do leaves change color in the fall?•What is a rainbow?•How did the Grand Canyon form?
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2. DO RESEARCH
You can use • the Internet• Research
journals• periodicals
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3. FORM A HYPOTHESIS
- an educated prediction about the outcome of an experiment
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HYPOTHESIS…
These statements must include…1. If 2. thenex) If salt crystals are broken into smaller pieces then they will dissolve faster in water.
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4. DESIGN AN EXPERIMENT
Controlled experiment• only one variable at a
time is being changed• Variable- factor that
can change or be changed
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2 TYPES OF VARIABLES
• Independent • Dependent
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INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
variable that is changed by the experimenter
“I” change the independent
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DEPENDENT VARIABLE
variable that changes because of the independent variable
dependent depends on the independent
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THE CONTROL
the factor in an experiment that represents “normal” conditions and what you compare the experimental data to
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CONSTANTS
Constants are factors that remain the same throughout the experiment
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5. COLLECT AND ANALYZE DATA
All data must be included, you cannot OMIT anything
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TYPES OF OBSERVATIONS
Objective- just the facts, no opinions are includedSubjective- personal opinions are included
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OBJECTIVE VS SUBJECTIVEYOU DECIDE…
1. It’s 78° outside.2. This room is cold.3. Erin is short.4. His t-shirt is green.
objective
subjective
subjective
objective
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INFERENCE
An inference is a conclusion that
logically follows a set of observations
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READ THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH AND UNDERLINE THE SENTENCE THAT IS AN INFERENCE IN YOUR NOTES
THIS SUMMER HAS BEEN REALLY HOT. I ONLY WATERED MY GARDEN A COUPLE OF TIMES. THE LEAVES OF MY PLANTS ARE DRY AND THE EDGES ARE TURNING YELLOW AND BROWN. I DON’T THINK THEY ARE GOING TO PRODUCE ANY FLOWERS.
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OBSERVATION VS INFERENCE
YOU DECIDE…
1. That cloud is gray.2. It looks like it’s
going to rain.3. It looks hot outside.
observation
inference
inference
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TYPES OF GRAPHS
• Bar Graph
• Line Graph
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GRAPH SETUP
• Give the graph a title• Label and scale the x- axis
- Independent variable data• Label and scale the y- axis
- Dependent variable data
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6. MAKE A CONCLUSION
Compare hypothesis to experimental data• Hypothesis accepted• Hypothesis rejected
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WHAT HAPPENS NOW?
Accepted hypothesis• Report results• Peer reviewRejected hypothesis• Start over