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The study of cells
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All living things are composed of cells
Cells are basic units of life
New cells come from pre-existing cells
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BUT….
How did the very first cell get here????
Viruses lack typical cell structure, use host cells to reproduce
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genetic material/can reproduce independent of cell
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Small
No NucleusNo membrane bound organelles
Bacteria
Then what do they have?Cell membraneCytoplasm
Ribosomes
DNA: Circular, not in nucleus
Simple
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Prokaryotic Structure
DNA
cytoplasm with ribosomes
cell membrane
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More complexLarger
Contain membrane bound organelles
Specialized compartment with a specific function
DNA in nucleus in long strandsPlant cells
Animal cells
Fungi (Yeast)
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Cytoplasm (protoplasm):
The fluid inside a cell, but outside the nucleus
Cyclosis:
Streaming movement of cytoplasm
Oh where, oh where do we find cell organelles?
“Holds” organelles in place
Site of cellular chemical reactionschemical reactions
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Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
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Controls cell processesContains hereditary information (DNA)
Nucleolus: Ribosome formation
Nucleus:
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Nucleus
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nucleolus
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Mitochondria
Outer and inner membranesRelease energy from food to make useable energy (ATP)
Animal cellsPlant cells
Contain their own DNA!
Inner membrane folded
(Increased surface area)
Found in:
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria
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Chloroplasts
Site of photosynthesis
Only in plant cells
Convert light energy to chemical bond energy
Contain their own DNA!
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Chloroplasts
Animal cells don’thave
chloroplasts!!!
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Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
Can be free in cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum
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Ribosomes
Ribosomes
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Endoplasmic reticulum
“ER”
Assembles components of cell membrane
Protein modification
A system of membranous sacs
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Protein synthesis
Rough: Ribosomes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth: No ribosomes
Contains enzymes needed for cell
Ex. enzymes for lipid synthesis
RER
SER
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Smooth ER
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Rough ER
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Marks proteins for use in cell or export (adds address w/proteins)
Produces digestive enzymes
Golgi Who? Golgi Who? apparatus, complex, bodiesapparatus, complex, bodies
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Golgi body
Golgi body
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DNA instructions forbuilding proteinchains leave the nucleusand enter the cytoplasm.
assorted vesicles
Golgibody
smooth ER
rough ER
Chains are assembled on ribosomes in cytoplasm.
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Lysosome
Packaged by Golgi body
Membranous sac filled with digestive enzymes
“Suicide Sacs”
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Lysosomes
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Lysosome
Lysosome
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Vacuole
Cell storage:
WaterFoodWastes
Plants: One large central vacuole
Animals: Few small vacuoles
Vacuoles are crucial in single-celled organisms to Vacuoles are crucial in single-celled organisms to maintain homeostasismaintain homeostasis
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Vacuole
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Cell Wall
Provides support
Provides shape
Made up mostly of cellulose
Animal cells don’t have!
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Cell wall
Animal cellsdon’t havecell walls!!!
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Centriole
Used in cell division
Animal cells only
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Centriole
Plant cellsdon’t havecentrioles!!!
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Cilia:
Flagella:
Locomotion
Moving substances across surface of cell
Locomotion
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Cilia
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Plasma membrane/cell membrane
Plant AND animal cells
Controls what goes in and out of cell
Protection
Support
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Cellmembrane
Cellmembrane
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• Main component of cell membranes
Lipid Bilayer
lipid bilayer
fluid fluid
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Cell (Plasma) Membrane Structure
☼ 2 layers of phospholipids (lipids with phosphate groups attached)
☼ Proteins - embedded in lipid layers- for transport or receptors
☼ Carbohydrates - attached to surface proteins or lipids – markers
☼ Lipids & Proteins can move along membrane = “Fluid”
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL of Cell Membrane
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Receptors recognize substances (hormones etc.)and allow them to enter cell
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Animal Cells Plant Cells
Cell Walls
Chloroplasts
Centrioles
Golgi Bodies
Vacuoles
NO YES
YES
NO
NO
1 or 2 100 +
YES
Many Small Few Large
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Cell wall
Cellmembrane
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Golgi body
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Cytoplasm
Rough endoplasmicreticulum
Lysosome
Chloroplasts
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Golgi body
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleolus
NucleusCytoplasm
Rough endoplasmicreticulum
Mitochondria
Free ribosomes
Lysosomes
Centrioles
Cell membrane
Cilia
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Methylene blue
Staining TechniquesApplying stain makes cell structures more visible
Can be useful in identifying organisms
Example:
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Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism