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The Study of Culture Prof. Jayson M. Barlan
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What is culture?
culture care
cultus civilization
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What is Culture?
ò It refers to that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as member of society.
Sir Edward Tylor
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Other Definition
ò It is an organized body of conventional understandings manifest in art and artifacts, which, persisting through tradition, characterizes a human group.
Robert Redfield
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Various Definitions
ò Culture is characteristically a product of human interaction;
ò is a social heritage that is complex and socially transmitted;
ò provides socially acceptable patterns for meeting biological and social needs;
ò is a distinguishing factor;
ò is an established pattern of behavior
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Various Definitions
ò Is cumulative as it is handed down from generation to generation in a given society;
ò Is a pure abstraction;
ò Is meaningful to human beings because of its symbolic quality;
ò Is learned by every person as basic determinants of his personality, and
ò Depends for its existence upon the continued functioning of society but is independent of any specific group.
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Types of Culture
• Concrete and tangible things that man creates and uses
Material Culture
• Words, habits, ideas, customs, behavior
• Laws, techniques, lifestyles, knowledge
Non-material Culture
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Components of Culture
Norms
folkways
mores
laws
Values Language Fashions, Fads, crazes
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Characteristics
Learned and acquired
Shared and transmitted social
ideational Gratifies human needs adaptive
Tends toward integration cumulative
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Adaptations of Culture
Parallelism Diffusion
Fission Convergence
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Functions of Culture
As a category
As a tool in prediction
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Other Functions
ò Serves as trademark or special feature that distinguishes one society from another
ò Brings together, contains, and interprets the values of society in a more or less systematic manner
ò Provides one of the most important bases for social solidarity
ò Provides blueprint of, as well as the materials for social structure
ò Serves as a dominant factor in establishing and molding the social personality
ò Provides behavioral patterns
ò Provides individuals with the meaning and direction of his existence
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Modes of Acquiring Culture
indoctrination
conditioning
imitation
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Variations in Culture
Ethnocentrism Relativity
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subcultures Culture shock
Cultural lag Cultural dualism
Other Concepts