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Global Warming Opens Pandora’s box A Study of Parasite: Schistosoma(血吸虫 )
Cheng Zhang(张程)8-year Program, Clinical Medicine
Tutor: Pro. Weiqing PanChairman of WHO Gene Synthesis & Express Cooperation Center
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The Thaw (解冻)
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1. Epidemic Status
2. Influence of Global Warming
3. Our Work
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1. Epidemic Status
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Neglected Tropical Disease
The PLoS Blog. 2015. Neglected Tropical Diseases: Challenges for the Post-2015 Development Era.
Soil-Transmitted Helminth, STH
Buruli Ulcer
Chagas disease Dengue
Dracunculiasis
Echinococcosis, ECHFood-Borne Trematode Infections, FBT
Human African Trypanosomiasis
Leishmaniasis
Leprosy
Lymphatic FilariasisRabies
Schistosomiasis, SCH (血吸虫病)
Cysticercosis Taeniasis, CT
Trachoma
Yaws
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Schistosoma (血吸虫)
Blood
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Major Parasitic Diseases
WHO. 2010. First WHO report on neglected tropical diseases.
1950s
China Disability Reported productivity loss
Malaria >30 M — —
Schistosomiasis >10 M >2 M
The disability rate was regarded as the most
important. A total of 45.4 days off-work lost per
infected person/year was obtained.
Ancylostomiasis >50 M >1 M More than US$ 40 per treated person. Deworming
may increase adult income by 40%.
Filariasis >30 M >6 M
Annual economic burden of lymphatic filariasis
measured in lost productivity reported in 1998 was
about US$ 1.7 billion in 2008. Lymphatic filariasis
causes almost US$ 1.3 billion/year in lost
productivity.
Leishmaniasis >0.5 M — —
千村薜荔人遗矢,
万户萧疏鬼唱歌。
— 毛泽东《送瘟神》
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Lancet. 2014. Human Schistosomiasis.
(日本血吸虫)
Schistosoma japonicum
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Cercariae (尾蚴) The child form of the parasite which looks like a tadpole.
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<10 sInfested Water
Nature Review.
DefinitiveHost( 终宿主 )
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Epidermis human skin
Cercariae
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Frequent Contact With Water
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Swimmer’s Itch (游泳者痒疹) /Cercarial Dermatitis (尾蚴性皮
炎) Dermatitis (皮炎) .
Itching and breaking of skin.
Raised papules (丘疹) .
Secondary infections.
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Pathology
( 肝门静脉 )
300-3000 eggs
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Pathology Granulomatous Responses (肉芽肿)
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Portal hypertension
Collateral circulation( 侧支循环 )
Esophageal varices( 食管静脉曲张 )
Hepatosplenomegaly( 肝脾肿大 )
Cachexia( 恶病质 )
Results
Markell and Voge's Medical Parasitology
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2. Global Warming
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Mean January Temperatures Across China
Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2008. 78(2), pp. 188–194.
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Snail Temperatures have a
significant effect on the survival of the interme-diate host: snail.
Acta Tropica. 2005. Control of schistosomiasis in China.
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The Risk & Predicted Risk Map
Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2008. 78(2), pp. 188–194.
2000 2030 2050
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Highly epidemic and seriously neglected
Global warming opens Pandora’s box
Acute cases increased 22% than 2002
I’m BACK!
WHO. 2013. Schistosomiasis: Progress report 2001–2011.
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Traditional Faecal Test( 粪检 )
Reasons:
The intestinal wall fibrosis
Period of lower egg production
Low-intensity infections
Traditional Faecal Test: Low efficiency
Egg: very low or absent
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ZHOU Xiao-Nong, Chairman of Chinese CDC
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Coding 15,000 proteins
419
270
204
35
8
1
SjSP-13
Nature. 16 July 2009. Vol 460: 345–351.
rSP13-ELISA KitLike HBV Test( 乙肝检测 )
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Clinical Test: a field study
Lancet Infect Dis. 2014. 14: 489–97.
Faecal Test(粪检)
rSP-13 ELISA
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Results of the field study
Lancet Infect Dis. 2014. 14: 489–97.
Kato-Katz SP13-ELISA
participants 1371 1371
positive 74** 465
negative 1365 906
Positive rate (%) 5.1 33.9
Faecal Test
Faecal Test SP13-ELISA
Faecal Test
SP13-ELISA
* Faecal Test: Traditional Method† SP13-ELISA: Our Work
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Laboratory validation: Specificity of SP13-ELISA
174 human serum samples from Schistosomiasis-free regions(Shanghai)
Lancet Infect Dis. 2014. 14: 489–97.
Sea-ELISA SjSP13-ELISA
Sample No 174 174
Positive 13 2
Negative 161 172
False Positive rate
(%) 7.5 1.1*
SEA-ELISA SP13-ELISA
SEA-ELISA
SP13-ELISA
† SEA-ELISA: Traditional Rapid Diagnosis† SP13-ELISA: Our Work
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WHO, Lancet. 2014, 2006.
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When nature becomes a terrorist,
human would have only a dead
end.
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Acknowledgements
Pro. Yan Zhang Pro. Weiqing Pan
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References: 1. The PLoS Blog. 2015. 2. Jared Diamond. 1997. Guns, Germs, and Steel. 3. Zhou XN, etc 2010. Adv Parasitol 72:145–178. 4. Seto EY, et al. 2011. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5:e1372. 5. Colley DG, etc. 2014. Lancet 383(9936):2253-2264. 6. Xu X, et al. 2014. Lancet Infect Dis 14(6):489-497. 7. King, ect. 2005. Lancet 365(9470):1561–69. 8. Poulin, R. 2006. Parasitology 132, 143–151. 9. Mouritsen, etc. 2005. Oecologia 146, 476–483. 10. Fenwick, etc. 2007. Elsevier-Academic Press,
London, pp. 567–622. 11. Zhou Xiao-Nong, et al. 2008. Am. J. Trop. Med.
Hyg. 78(2), pp. 188–194. 12. Gryseels B, etc. Lancet 368, 1106–18.
13. Kenneth J. Ryan, et al. 2004. Textbook of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology.
14. Stothard JR, et al. 2011. Parasitology 138: 1593–606.
15. Bustinduy AL, et al. 2013. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 433–40.
16. Zhou Xiao-Nong. 2014. Sci China Life Sci 57: 647–648.
17. Wang LD, etc. 2009. N Engl J Med 360: 121–128.
18. Zhou XN, etc. 2011. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1408.