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The Unifications of
GERMANY and
ITALY
NATIONALISM
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What is NATIONALISM?Nationalism is loyalty and devotion to a
nation of peopleIt is a sense of national identity exalting
one nation above all others It can be defined as pride in one’s
nation, and it can also be defined as the desire of an ethnic group to have its own country
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WHAT FORMS A NATION?
THESE SIX THINGS ARE WHAT GIVE A GROUP OF PEOPLE
IDENTITY AS A NATION-STATE
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ITALY and GERMANY: TWO DIVIDED NATIONS
While nations like Spain, Russia, France, and England were UNITED under a single government, the German and Italian people were DIVIDED into numerous small states (Germanic people were found in numerous small states like Prussia, Bavaria, and Hanover)
GERMAN STATES
ITALIAN STATES
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“Italy” in 1815 was not a unified nation; it was divided into three regions
Parts were controlled by
Austria and France
Parts were controlled by
the Pope
Parts were independent and had their own kings
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In the 1830s, nationalism led to a unification movement as Italians began to see themselves as
having a shared history (ancient Rome, Renaissance), shared territory, shared enemies (Napoleonic Wars)
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GIUSEPPE MAZZINI
Mazzini was a radical who established the nationalist group Young Italy in 1831 with the goal of unifying Italy
He led a revolution in 1848, which led to a brief Italian republic (but Italy was not
totally unified)
Mazzini was overthrown and seen as TOO radical
and extreme
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COUNT CAMILLO DI CAVOUR
In 1849, the king of Sardinia
named Cavour his Prime Minister
Cavour wanted to make Sardinia very
powerful by increasing industry and reducing the Pope’s influence
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COUNT CAMILLO DI CAVOUR
He wanted to unify all Italian states, but
ONLY if Sardinia led the unification
movement
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Cavour fought wars locally and against Austria (who had claimed parts of Italy) to unite the Northern Italian states under the
kingdom of Sardinia
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GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI
Meanwhile, radical
nationalists prepared for a revolution in
Southern Italy in an effort to
unite the southern states
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Giuseppe Garibaldi was a nationalist who had joined Mazzini’s “Young Italy” and helped in the Latin American independence movements
GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI
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GARIBALDI: AN ITALIAN HERO
“Let him who loves his country…
follow me.”
Garibaldi, who always wore a red shirt in
battle, named his forces the “Redshirts”He wanted a unified
Italy under a republic style of government
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ITALY IS UNIFIED
Garibaldi successfully led
the unification of Southern Italy,
while Cavour saw to the unification of Northern Italy; now the goal was
to link the two parts together
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Cavour was unhappy with Garibaldi possibly replacing him as the
“unifier of Italy”
Cavour does not want a republic; he wants Sardinia’s king in
charge of a united Italy
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Cavour, an experienced politician, convinced
the patriotic Garibaldi to give up his southern conquests to Sardinia’s king in the interest of
the common good
↕By 1871, Italy’s Northern and Southern halves are unified and a new country under a
constitutional monarchy emerges:
ITALY
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GERMANY
Germany was the last European
country to unify all of its parts into
a single nation
There had been attempts to unify
in the past centuries, but they met with
failure
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GERMANYAt one point, Germany had been divided
into nearly 200 independent states (all run
by various kings and
princes who had their little
pieces of territory)
At the time of the Congress of Vienna, 39 Germanic states
were loosely associated (called the German Confederation)
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PRUSSIA
Prussia was the most powerful and influential of the
39 German states
Austria was the only other
German-speaking nation that rivaled
Prussia’s power
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PRUSSIA
Prussia had a great deal of military and
industrial power
Prussia badly wanted to unify the 39 states into a
new nation, Germany
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“Prussia was not a country with an army,
but an army with a country.”
PRUSSIA
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OTTO VON BISMARCKOtto von Bismarck was the Prime Minister of Prussia in the 1860s
Bismarck’s goal was the unification of the
German states under the leadership of Prussia
He led a conservative political party called the Junkers (wealthy landowners)
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OTTO VON BISMARCK
Otto was an advocate of realpolitik: “politics of reality” where there is no room for idealism
Bismarck was ruthless and saw using force, threats, and deceit as ways to achieve Prussia’s political goals
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“BLOOD AND IRON”
In 1862, Bismarck makes his intentions known:
“Germany will not be united through speeches and
diplomacy, but through blood and iron.”
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“BLOOD AND IRON”
The “blood” Bismarck was speaking of referred
to people of German blood uniting together and the “iron” referred
to the power of Prussia’s industry and military
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To unite the German states, Bismarck started wars with Denmark, Austria, and France
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Seven Weeks War against Austria led to the North German Confederation (a united northern Germany
under Prussia’s control)
The Franco-Prussian War against France convinces the Catholics in southern Germany that unification with
Prussia was better than unification with France
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PRUSSIA IS VICTORIOUS
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GERMANY IS UNITED
By rallying the German people
together in these wars, Prussia gains support
from all German states for
unification under one government
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In 1871, Wilhelm I (the First) becomes Kaiser (emperor) of the united Germany
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Otto von Bismarck
becomes the Chancellor
of Germany
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Each German state has a local ruler and army and handles its own domestic affairs, but…the Kaiser heads the German national government
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THE BALANCE OF POWER SHIFTS
The balance of power in Europe is disturbed by the sudden emergence of Germany as a military and industrial powerhouse
Germany wants what many European countries already have: a rich and powerful empire
This competition will eventually lead to the bloodiest, most destructive wars in human history
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Created by
Christopher Jaskowiak