Download - The Worlds of Christendom
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The Worlds of Christendom
Connected and Divided
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Christianity DividedRome = West (Odoacer invades Rome 476ce) Schism of 1054 – Mutual excommunication
-Eastern Orthodox Church / Roman Catholic Church
Byzantium / Constantinople = EastWestern Roman Empire = Hybrid CivilizationWest = RuralEast = Urban/Cosmopolitan
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Eastern ChristendomA continuation of the Roman EmpireNo clear beginning (Constantinople founded
330ce)Formal Division – late 4th centuryRome Falls -476ce and “barbarians” invade
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Eastern Advantageswealthier and more urbanizedmore defensible capital (Constantinople)shorter frontieraccess to the Black Sea; command of eastern
Mediterraneanstronger army, navy, and merchant marinecontinuation of late Roman infrastructureconscious effort to preserve Roman ways
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Split of the Roman Empire
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The Byzantine StateRemained powerful until 1200’sCentralized PoliticallyGovernment bureaucracy based on PersiansEmperor ruled as “god’s representative on
earth”Important – tax collection / keeping recordscaeseropapism- church and state tightly
connected-emperor head of church and state
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Orthodox ChristianityLegitimized imperial ruleCultural identity (barbarians to the west)Differences in Christianity West/East
-priest’s celibacy-shaving-Pope as head of church
Schism of 1054 – Mutual ExcommunicationCrusades begin in 1095 – worsen the
situation
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Byzantium in the WorldIntense interaction in Europe and AsiaCrusades – Islam pushing into Byzantine
Empire-diversity of victims-economic + political motives
“Greek Fire” helped keep Byzantium standing so long
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“Greek Fire” would even burn on top of Water
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Conversion of RussiaMost important conversion was that of Prince
Vladimir of KievOrthodoxy transformed state of Rus; became
central to Russian identityMoscow finally declared itself to be the “third
Rome,” assuming role of protector of Christianity after fall of Constantinople
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Western ChristendomOn the Periphery of the world
-far removed from trade routesGeography made political unification difficultRoman Collapse in 476ce
-Barbarians Invade-Rome becomes bankrupt (coliseum games, army)-lead poisoning?
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Western Political Makeup after 476Large-scale centralized rule vanishedPopulation fell by 25% - war/diseaseLess land cultivatedLess Movement/ Dangerous / No Imperial
ArmyDecline in LiteracyFrom Urban to Rural
-Feudalism
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Feudalism
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Manor
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Preservation of Roman CultureMany Germanic people were Romanized
already-many served in the Roman army prior to the fall
Adoption of Roman law systemAttempts to recreate Roman imperial system
-Charlemagne -Otto I of Saxony - Holy Roman Empire c. 800ce-Attempts failed to re-create a “Christian Empire”
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The Wake of Roman CollapseNew Kingdoms
-highly fragmented-great local variation-landowning warrior elite possessed most power
Social Hierarchies-serfdom replaces slavery-life on the manor
Stability was found in the Catholic Church
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Catholic Church “On Top”Became VERY richConversion of most of Europe
-Top-Down Conversion-considerable cultural accommodations-amulets, sacred wells, and festivals were preempted by Christianity
Investiture Conflict – Who appoints pope/bishops?
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Change in the West 1000-1300700-1000 – Muslim Invasions1000-1350 – High Middle Ages – Population Growth
- climate warms up (30million-80million)- More movement of people
- Growth of Trade/Cities (Italy)
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CrusadesBegan in 1095
- wars at God’s command, authorized by the pope, for which participants received an indulgence (release from penalty for confessed sins)- amazingly popular; were religious wars at their core - most famous Crusades aimed to regain Jerusalem and holy places- showed Europe’s growing organizational ability
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Crusades Map
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Crusades Propaganda
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Lasting Impact of the CrusadesTens of thousands of Europeans made contact
with the Islamic world- stimulated demand for Asian goods- learned how to produce sugar- Muslim/Greek scholarship entered Europe- hardened cultural barriers- deepened the Catholic/Orthodox divide- development of anti-Semitism in Europe- memory of the Crusades still affects dealings between Western civilization and Islam
Christians did not regain much land at all
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A Comparative PerspectiveWestern Europe was less developed than
Byzantium, China, India, or the Islamic worldMuslims regarded Europeans as barbariansEuropeans recognized their own
backwardnessEuropeans were happy to exchange
with/borrow from more advanced civilizations to the east
European economies reconnected with the Eurasian trading system
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Europe Borrowing from the EastEuropeans welcomed scientific,
philosophical, and mathematical concepts from Arabs, classical Greeks, and India- i.e. the compass, papermaking, gunpowder
Europe developed a passion for technologyby 1500, Europe had caught up with China
and the Islamic world; surpassed them in some areas
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Western European PoliticsCompeting States
-led to war / technological developments-paved the way for capitalism-kings less powerful than the east-parliaments develop (nobles want power)
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Reason and FaithIntellectual tension between reason and faithIntellectual life flourished after 1000ce
-University Schools, Humanism-development of “natural philosophy”(study of nature)-applied reason to law, medicine, nature-searching for greek classical texts (Aristotle)
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Cathedral School in Europe