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The Worlds of the Fifteenth Century
Strayer Chapter 12
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Hunter-gatherer societies
Paleolithic lifestyles still to be found in Australia, N. America, Siberia, Arctic coasts, parts of Africa
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Hunter-gatherers: Australia
Environment didn’t support agriculture“firestick farming” – controlled burns to encourage new plant growthExtensive trade among groups
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Hunter-gatherers: Australia
“Dreamtime” – animist beliefs
Ancient spirits created the world, became part of the landSacred spaces
Importance of relationships
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Hunter-gatherers: N. America
Affluent societies on Pacific coastChinookan, Skagit, Tulalip, etc.Abundant food allowed for villages, complex societies, chiefdoms
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Agricultural Village Societies
Farming communities that were not part of larger empiresUsually organized in kinship groups, not cities or statesFewer inequalities, and more roles for women outside of the homeExamples: Igbo (Africa), Iroquois tribes (N. America)
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Iroquois
Lived in present-day New York stateFarming of maize and beans
Increased conflict/warfare linked to farming?
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The Iroquois League – “The Great Law of Peace”
By 1500, conflicts between groups led to an alliance of 5 main tribes:
SenecaOneidaCayugaMohawkOnondaga
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Pastoral Groups: Central AsiaMongol empire had disintegrated by 1368last of the Central Asian invasions led by Timur
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Timur the Lame / Tamerlane (1336-1405)Muslim leader who wanted to restore the Mongol empire of his hero, Chinggis Khan
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TimurTurkish/ UzbekGrew up in the Chagatai khanateCalled himself “The sword of Islam” – Sunni Muslim
Conquered Central Asia, Russia, Lithuania, Persia, Mesopotamia, the Caucasus, northern India, and Turkey
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TimurKnown for ruthlessness and crueltyInterested in conquering, but not in governanceDied while leading an invasion of Ming ChinaTimurid dynasty based in Samarkand; his descendants ruled until the 1600s.
Timur married into the family of Chinggis Khan– so he took the title emir, rather than khan.
Timur’s tomb in Samarkand
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Ming China (1368-1644)Dominated by ethnic Han ChineseChina tries to eliminate foreign influences, especially MongolPromoted Confucianism; Buddhism and Daoism still popular
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Ming Dynasty
AccomplishmentsCapitals at Nanjing and BeijingRe-established the civil service systemHighly centralized government led by the emperor• Conflict between scholar-officials (aka
mandarins) and court eunuchs, who were highly loyal to emperor
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Ming Dynasty
Agricultural lands reclaimed – trees plantedDomestic and foreign trade flourishesPopulation growsHighly prosperous
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Ming Dynasty – Emperor Hongwu
Ming founder: Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew Yuan rulers and took the title Hongwu (“vastly martial”); aka Taizu
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Ming dynasty – Emperor Yongle (1402-1422)Born Zhu Di – the 4th son of HongwuMoved capital back to Beijing
Built the Forbidden City and Porcelain TowerRepaired the Grand CanalCompiled the Yongle Encyclopedia, which collected Chinese literature, philosophy, & history
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The Forbidden City
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Maritime explorations
Zheng He, a Muslim eunuch from Central Asia, became admiral of Yongle’s fleetLed 7 expeditions (1405-1433) to Indian Ocean basin
Visited Vietnam, Malacca, India, Sri Lanka, Arabia, East Africa
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Zheng He’s Voyages
Fleets also had supply ships for water, troops, horsesGoal: bring tribute to Ming court; to assert Chinese diplomacy; to limit piracy in Indian ocean
Bao Chuan (“Treasure
Ships”)
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Zheng He’s voyagesZheng He’s journeys ended after Yongle died
Confucian bureaucrats disliked so much money spent on naval expeditionsNorthern and western borders needed attention and resourcesZheng He’s maps were destroyed; bao chuan left to rot in port
Chinese merchants continued to local trade, w/o gov’t support
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The Islamic World of the 15th Century
Gunpowder Empires: the Muslim empires of the 1400s-1700s who made use of new gunpowder weapons (cannon, artillery, etc.)
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The Ottoman Empire (1299-1922)
Based in Anatolia (Turkey)Included Eastern Europe, Middle East, Egypt, northern AfricaControl of large portions of Mediterranean, Red Sea, and Black Sea coastsSunni MuslimsLeaders called “Sultans”
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Ottoman Empire: greatest leadersOsman I – the founder
Expanded his kingdom to Byzantine borders
Mehmed II – conquered Constantinople in 1453, ended the Byzantine EmpireSelim I – conquered Egypt and Syria from the Mamluks (1516-1517)
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Ottoman leadersSuleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
Conquered Belgrade, BaghdadLed failed invasion of Viennaaka “the Lawgiver”
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Ottoman Empire: Military
Their navies controlled trade in the Mediterranean, Red, and Black SeasOttoman armies
Ghazis – Muslim warriors – later replaced by theJanissaries – Christians who had been enslaved and converted to Islam
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Safavid Empire (1502-1722)
Based in Persia/IranFounded by Ismail, who took the title “shah” and embraced a form of Shi’a Islam
Led to conflict w/nearby Sunni Muslims, esp. Ottomans
Safavids specialized in trade of silks and Turkish rugs A qizilbash soldier
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Safavid Empire
Shah Abbas the Great (1588-1629) – greatest Safavid leader
Expanded and strengthened the empireDefeated OttomansBuilt new capital at Isfahan
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The Mughal Empire (1526-1761)Previous Indian states included:
Maurya Empire (322 BCE-185 BCE) Gupta empire (320-550) Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)Vijayanagar Empire (1336-1565)
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The Mughal EmpireFounded by Babur “the Tiger,” a descendent of Chinggis Khan and Timur
“Mughal” is the Persian word for MongolBabur was a Turkish Sunni Muslim invader, ruling over a Hindu population
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Mughal EmpireAkbar the Great (1556-1605)
Greatest Mughal rulerBegan expansion into southern IndiaReligiously tolerant – he was Muslim, but embraced Hindu, Zoroastrian, Sikh, Christian, and Sufi beliefs
Jahangir (1605-1627)
Akbar the Great
Abbas and Jahangir
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Mughal Empire
Shah Jahan (1628-1658) – built the Taj MahalAurangzeb (1658-1707)
Continued Mughal expansionsPromoted Muslim faith• Taxed Hindus, demolished Hindu
temples and built mosques• Increased Hindu resentment – led to
rebellions
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The Taj Mahal
Built by Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal