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Rio TintoIron & Titanium
Thermal
Analysis&
CoolingCurves
ThermalThermal
AnalysisAnalysis&&
CoolingCoolingCurvesCurves
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Every body know this
system, frequently found
near the furnaces or thecupolas
Its a Thermal Analysis Systemto check especially:
eq, , T!, Si or "ndercoolin#
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$ow does it work %$ow does it work %
It records the different steps of the coolin# for the liquid and
solid alloy, by measurin# of different electrical values& A
specific electrical value corresponds to each step of the
physical aspect of the ' alloy (& These values are translated toa #raph&
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Some definitions:
TL: Liquidus temperature
TE low: Low eutectictemperature
TE upper: High eutectictemperature
TE Gray: Gray eutectictemperature
TE White: White eutectictemperature
TS: Solidus temperature
T: Undercooling
R: Recalescence
1100
1150
1200
1250
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time: s
Temperature:C
Te Low
Te Upper
Te Gray
Te White
T Liq
T Sol
RT
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)or Iron:Each iron #rade has a specific curve:
*: !amellar #raphite iron
+: I
-: I with low nodules count
.: /hite iron
0: pseudo lamellar #raphite 1 lamellar #raphite
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)or E2ample:
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)or I, there are different typical curves:
3ase Iron3ase Iron3ase Iron
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)or I, there are different typical curves:
Treated ironTreated ironTreated iron
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)or I, there are different typical curves:
Treated iron
1
Inoculation
Treated ironTreated iron
11
InoculationInoculation
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/hy usin# Thermal Analysis%:A last efinition&
Undercooling = TE gray TE low
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/hy usin# Thermal Analysis%:/hat happens if undercoolin# 4 T 5 becomes too hi#h %
Fe3CFe3CFe3C
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/hy usin# Thermal Analysis%:/hat happens if ' TS ( becomes too low %
Inverse ChillInverse ChillInverse Chill
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/hy usin# Thermal Analysis%:
Inverse ChillInverse ChillInverse Chill
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/hy usin# ThermalAnalysis%:
The A, 3, curves
That gives
differentCooling curves
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/hy usin# Thermal Analysis%:
6
Small elta T 6
$i#h 7ucleation
TE
8ray
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/hy usin# Thermal Analysis%:
$i#h 7ucleation 6
less shrinka#e
Thermal Analysis
can prevent
shrinka#e
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/hy usin#
ThermalAnalysis%:
Thermal Analysiscan check the
iron quality
durin#
elaboration:
Especially after a
lon# maintain in
the furnace
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9resent 9ossibility:Thermal Analysis with usin# the first and second derivations
This value could qualify the #ood nucleation
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Thermal Analysis with - cups: presently for #ray iron
This #ray value is the ri#ht estimation of what we will probably obtain
in the castin# re#ardin# the white and the #raphitic iron
9resent 9ossibility:
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1 = Fonte de Base avec ajout de graphite
C=3.66 Si=1.72 Temprature four=1512
Caldobase = Fonte de Base
C=3.64 Si=1.72 S=0.011 Cu=0.05 Mn=0.15 Temprature four=1494
oncreteE2amples:
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2inoculada = Fonte traite _ en poche
C=3.69 Si=2.34 S=0.002 Mg=0.041 0.4% inoc. Temprature poche=1395
1inoculada = Fonte traite _ en poche
C=3.62 Si=2.4 S=0.003 Mg=0.044 0.4% inoc. Temprature poche=1405
oncreteE2amples:
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1100
1120
1140
1160
1180
1200
13:40 13:55 14:09 14:24 14:38 14:52
Liquidus
Eutect ique bas
Eutectique haut
-5
0
5
1015
20
25
30
35
13:55 14:30 14:40 14:50 3.75
3.8
3.85
3.9
3.95Surfusion
Recalescence
Ceq
Super
8ray Iron8ray Iron
*.:-0 with Te
T solidus 6 ***
Time
13:55 without Te
14:30
without Te + 1 Kg/T of good
graphite, Tfurnace = 1394C
14:40
without Te + strong
inoculation in the cup
14:50
graphite + 1.5Kg FeSi
correction, T furnace = 1470C
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1125
1130
1135
1140
1145
1150
1155
1160
15:36 15:50 16:04 16:19 16:33
Liquidus
Eutect ique bas
Eutect ique haut
0
510
15
20
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15:45 15:50 15:55 16:10 16:20 16:25
4.05
4.1
4.154.2
4.25
4.3
4.354.4
Surfusion
Recalescence
Ceq
*;:
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onclusions:
Thermal Analysis can check:
the risk to obtain )e- and inverse chill
the risk to obtain shrinka#e or porosities
Thermal Analysis #ives a very #ood quality inde2 by
the undercoolin# value
Thermal Analysis is cheap, has a #ood reproducibility,
human influence is low, traceability is easy
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