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June 2014
IPC 2014, Budapest
‘Think outside the Gut’Effects of probiotics on animal performance and environment.
AJAY AWATI
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6/23/2014
1960 1970 1980 1990
1.68 Kg1.82 Kg 1.98 Kg 2.19 Kg
2000
2.8 Kg
Broiler body weight at 42 days
2010
2.60 Kg
66% increase
Based on Rauw 1998 & Ross recommendations
Last 5 decades of growth improvement
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Last 5 decades of efficiency improvement
6/23/2014
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
2.5 Kg2.1 Kg 2.04 Kg 1.92 Kg
Based on Rauw 1998 & Ross recommendations
1.85 Kg 1.72 Kg
Broiler Feed Conversion Ratio
32% improvement
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Animal production: at the turn of millenium
6/14/2013 4
Otte et al., 2007
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Success brings responsibilities: Just performance is not
enough!
6/23/2014
Environ-
ment
Animal
welfare
Animal
health
Public
Health
Quality of
animal
products
Improved
growthImproved
efficiency
Improved
growth
Improved
efficiency
Bad news is most of these if not all are microbiota related
Good news is we understand and we can do something about it
Microbiota and animal growth performance
6/14/2013 6
VFA (butyrate) provide 70% energy needed by gut epithelium
Production of nutrients, such as vit k & vit B.
Improved water re-absorption in the large intestine
Improved mineral absorption and bone mineralization
……many more
Microbiota and animal growth performance
X Decreased nutrient digestibility in chickens with microbial overgrowth in
small intestine(Smits 1996)
X Non specific stimulation of immune response
• IgA secreted across the GIT accounts for >70% of total antibody
production (Macpherson and Uhr, 2004)
X Increased absorptive cell turnover and mucus production
• In chickens, gut metabolism accounts for 20-36% of the whole body
energy expenditure, which is mainly due to cell turnover (Cant et al
1996)
6/14/2013 7
Microbiota and Animal Health and Public Health
6/14/2013 8
Gastro-intestinal
Pathogens
e.g. E.coli,
Clostridia,
Salmonella
In feed antibiotics Increased antibiotic
resistance
Ban in EU and
some other countries
Further increase in
therapeutic antibiotics useThreat to public health
Microbiota and Quality of animal products and public health
6/14/2013 9
Campylobacter infection
Commensal in poultry
Does not cause any infection,
But serious threat to human health
Salmonella infection
E.coli infection
Microbiota and Animal Welfare
6/14/2013 10
Foot pad lesions
in broilers
Gastrointestinal microbes
e.g. Staphylococcus spp.
Clostridium spp.
Microbial activity
Higher protein fermentation
-leading to higher ammonia
in excreta
Microbiota and Environment
6/14/2013 11
•Globally livestock production contributes to 50% of ammonia
emission
•Ammonia lost from manure decreases fertilizer value and cause
serious air pollution
•Deposition of ammonia enhances N levels in soil and water, which
affects aquatic and terrestrial eco-system
Microbiota and Environment
6/14/2013 12
Farm odor and public defiance to animal farming
Ammonia along with phenols, indoles and skatoles
contribute to strong offensive odor on animal farms
This can affect health of the people working & living
in the farm neighborhood.
These odorous compounds are mainly produced
due to protein fermentation
Protein fermentation also increases pH of the
manure, which helps release of this compounds in
the air
Can probiotics play role in it?
6/14/2012 13
'Organisms and substances which contribute to
intestinal microbial balance'.- Parker 1974
'A live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects
the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial
balance'.- Fuller 1989
Probiotics and Growth performance
6/14/2012 14
1.92
1.82
1.5
1.55
1.6
1.65
1.7
1.75
1.8
1.85
1.9
1.95
2
FCR
Control
DBSC
p<0.05
Santoso et al 1999
Animal: Broilers
Probiotic: Dried bacillus subtilis culture
Pro
du
cti
on
Pe
rfo
rma
nc
e
Probiotics and performance
*Shows significance at P<0.05 in the individual trials
FCRc: corrected 3 points for 100g of liveweight difference
3 strain mixture of B. Subtilis was used.
1.74*
1.97*
1.77* 1.78*1.82
1.69*
1.82*
1.72* 1.72*1.74
Massey University
NZ, 2010
Southern Poultry
Research GA, USA
Imasde Spain,
2010
Imasde Spain,
2010
Average across all
trials
Improvement in FCRc after addit ion of Bacil lus
subt i l is to broi ler diets
Control Bacillius subtilis
Pro
du
cti
on
Pe
rfo
rma
nc
e
Unpublished data
Probiotics and synergy with other feed additives
6/23/2014Romero et al., 2013
2960c
2995c
3042b
3093a
Control Bacillus XAP Bacillus +XAP
AMEn(kcal/kg DM)
Animal: Broilers
Probiotic: 3 Bacillus strains
3582
133
Pro
du
cti
on
Pe
rfo
rma
nc
e
Probiotics and Egg production
6/14/2012 17
-5.9
2.4
1.2
2.8
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4
% egg/hen/day
Egg weight
Egg Mass g/hen/day
FCRegg Kg feed/Kg egg
Xu et al 2006
Animal: Laying hens
Probiotic: Dried bacillus subtilis culture
*
Pro
du
cti
on
Pe
rfo
rma
nc
e
Probiotics and egg quality
6/14/2012 18
-12.2
3.1
1.6
1
10.6
-20 -10 0 10 20
Shell Strength
Shell thickness
Yolk color
Haugh Unit
Yolk Cholesterol
Xu et al 2006
Animal: Laying hens
Probiotic: Dried bacillus subtilis culture
*
Qu
ality
of
An
ima
l P
rod
uc
ts
Probiotics and meat quality
6/14/2012 19
Animal: Broilers
Probiotic: Mixture of lactobacilli and bifidobacterium
Khaksefidi and Rahimi 2005
Qu
ality
of
An
ima
l P
rod
uc
ts
Probiotics and public health concerns
6/14/2012 20Khaksefidi and Rahimi 2005
Animal: Broilers
Probiotic: Mixture of lactobacilli and bifidobacterium
Pu
blic
he
alt
h c
on
ce
rn
Probiotics and Necrotic enteritis challenge (0-28d)
6/14/2012 21
Unchallenged Control Challenged Control CC+BMD CC+DFM
Animal: Broilers challenged with necrotic enteritis
Probiotic: 3 strains mixture of bacillus strains
1.63
2.04
1.7 1.72
FCR
aa
ba
738
508
726 700
Body Wt gain g
a
b
aa
An
ima
l H
ea
lth
Unpublished data
Probiotics and gut health
6/14/2012 22
1928
821 760
2138
1080931
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
Control
DFM
*
**
Animal: Broilers challenged with Eimeria vaccine
Probiotic: Mixtures of bacillus strains
Lee et al 2010
Vill
us
Heig
ht (µ
m)
An
ima
l H
ea
lth
Probiotics and Environment
6/14/2012 23
3.317.7
82
140
1.5 6.4
32
80
wk 2 wk 4 wk 6 wk 8
Ammonia concentration in manure, ppm
Control
DBSC
**
*
*
Animal: Laying hens
Probiotic: Dried bacillus subtilis culture
Santoso et al 1999
En
vir
on
me
nt
Probiotics and Foot pad lesions
6/14/2012 24
0.76a
0.65b
Control Bacillus subtilis
Paw scoring at 56 days
Control Bacillus subtilis
An
ima
l w
elf
are
Animal: Broilers
Probiotic: mixture of 3 strains of Bacillus subtilis
Unpublished data
Probiotics: Thinking outside the ‘gut’
6/23/2014
Probiotics in feed
Gut
Animal
Environment
Public Concerns
Microbial balance
Production performance Welfare
Gut Health Synergy with other feed additives
Manure Quality Farm odour reduction
Health
Meat Quality Egg Quality Lower antibiotic use
6/14/2012 26
Thank you for your attention
Summary
Animal nutrition in modern days
can not be all about
‘Gut filling’ of animal
‘Gut feeling’ of nutritionist
or
We must
‘think outside the Gut’
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6/23/2014