Through such works as his Plurality of Worlds, Bernard de Fontenelle
1 2 3 4 5
20% 20% 20%20%20%1. confirmed the theories of
Descartes on dualism2. brought the findings of
science to a lay audience3. provided precise
definitions of all recent scientific terms
4. brought doubt on the legitimacy of the French class structure
5. championed the idea of separation of powers
The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that
1 2 3 4 5
20% 20% 20%20%20%1. sought to support old traditions
2. departed from the thought processes of the Scientific Revolution
3. supported both Protestant and Catholic churches
4. sought to reconcile faith and reason
5. sought to apply reason to understand human life
The writers of travel literature in the eighteenth century portrayed
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20% 20% 20%20%20%1. non-Christian religions as
primitive and barbarous2. Asians as immoral and
intolerant3. foreign philosophies as
incomplete, waiting for Christian fulfillment
4. people living in nature in foreign places as happier than Europeans
5. democracy on other continents as superior to the monarchies in Europe
Montesquieu’s most important contribution to political science was his
1 2 3 4 5
20% 20% 20%20%20%
1. analysis of the faults in the French political system
2. satire on French customs, supposedly written by two Arabs
3. praise for what he considered England’s system of checks and balances
4. critique of Machiavelli’s The Prince
5. support for freedom of the press and religion
In his writings, Voltaire condemned
1 2 3 4 5
20% 20% 20%20%20%
1. religious and legal intolerance
2. the Catholic Church for its persecution of the religious minority
3. parental mistreatment of their children
4. the practice of extraditing accused persons to foreign countries
5. corporal and capital punishment
Adam Smith argued the state should not interfere in economic matters in
1 2 3 4 5
20% 20% 20%20%20%
1. The Wealth of Nations2. The Spirit of the Laws3. Philosophic Letters on
the English4. Treatise on Toleration5. Treatise on Human
Nature
Rousseau argued in his novel Emile that education
1 2 3 4 5
20% 20% 20%20%20%
1. would and should blur the old distinctions between men and women
2. should represent the General Will of the society
3. was impossible in a world where man is no longer free
4. must combine heart and mind, sentiment and reason
5. should be supported by the state
In Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft argued that
1 2 3 4 5
20% 20% 20%20%20%1. women should have equal
rights despite their natural inferiority
2. even though women were as reasonable as men they should not have equal rights
3. equality of sexes in marriage would be achieved soon
4. the subjection of men to women was wrong
5. women should enjoy equal social, economic, and political rights with men
The salons
1 2 3 4 5
20% 20% 20%20%20%
1. increased in importance during the French Revolution
2. typically were composed of members of the lower and middle classes
3. allowed the hostesses to influence political events and ideas
4. did not allow conversation critical of either the government or established religion
5. were subsidized by the government
The Rococo style of the eighteenth century
1 2 3 4 5
20% 20% 20%20%20%
1. continued the stylistic elements of the Baroque
2. impacted architectural style only
3. focused on religious themes
4. emphasized movement towards graceful and gentle lines rather than strict lines
5. focused on the emotions of anger and hate
Mozart took his place in the pantheon of composers because of his
1 2 3 4 5
20% 20% 20%20%20%1. early rise to international fame
2. tragic life and early death as a pauper
3. successful competition with old men like Bach and Haydn
4. apparently effortless blend of grace, emotion, and precision
5. influence at the English court
The emergence of a high culture in the eighteenth century contributed to a
1 2 3 4 5
20% 20% 20%20%20%1. growing sense of
commonality and shared experience between the elite and poor
2. increased literacy among the poor
3. growing divide between the elite and the poor
4. declining literacy among the elites
5. a decline of elements of popular culture
During the eighteenth century, lower-class criminals condemned to death were often
1 2 3 4 5
20% 20% 20%20%20%
1. drawn and quartered2. guillotined3. hanged4. drowned5. beheaded
Enlightenment thought regarding religious toleration contributed to
1 2 3 4 5
20% 20% 20%20%20%1. an end to all persecution of
religious minorities2. greater acceptance of
Jews, but religious persecution continued
3. the granting of full political and civil rights for Jews
4. the conversion of Jews to Christianity for the purposes of full assimilation to society
5. the granting of full economic equality for Jews
John Wesley incurred the animosity of Anglican Church officials because
1 2 3 4 5
20% 20% 20%20%20%
1. he criticized their lavish and indulgent life style
2. he conducted worship services in the vernacular English of his day
3. his services were often filled with excessive emotional enthusiasm
4. he called on his followers not to attend regular Anglican services
5. he would not support the Pietistic teachings of the church
