Download - Tissues
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Tissues• Tissue – aggregation of cells and noncellular
structures, which have similar structure, function and development
• General• 1. Epithelia• 2. Inner environment (blood and connective)• Special• 1. Muscular• 2. Nerve
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Simple epithelia
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Stratified epithelia:1. Stratified squamous nonkeratinized2. Stratified squamous keratinized3. Transitional (urothelium)
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Endothelium Mezothelium
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Simple cuboidal epithelium
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Simple columnar epithelium
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Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
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Urothelium of urinary bladder
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Urothelium of urethra
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Glands
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Glands
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Goblet cells
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Blood and hematopoiesis1. Blood compounds and functions
2. Plasma
3. Erythrocytes
4. Leucocytes
5. Theories of hematopoiesis
6. Stem cell structure and functions
7. Embryonic and postembryonic hematopoiesis
8. Classes of hematopoietic cells
9. Main features of different hematopoietic lines
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Functions
• 1. Trophic
• 2. Respiration
• 3. Protection
• 4. Excretion
• 5. Homeostasis
• 6. Transport
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Blood=cells + plasma (RBC+WBC+PL)
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Leucocytes
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Neutrophil
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Eosinophil
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Eosinophil
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Basophil
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Basophil
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Lymphocyte
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LymphocyteEchinocyte
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Lymphocyte
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Monocyte
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Monocyte
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Platelet
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HEMATOPOIESIS –blood compounds development (blood cells
and plasma)
Hematocytopoiesis
Erythrocytopoiesis
Leucocytopoiesis
granulocytopoiesis
agranulocytopoiesis
Trombocytopoiesis
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THEORIES OF HEMATOPOIESIS
• POLYPHYLETIC THEORY – each mature blood cell type is derived from its own distinct stem cell
• MONOPHYLETIC THEORY (A.A. Maximov) – there is one stem cell, which can form all the mature blood cells types.
• Multipotential stem cell (CFU-S – colony-forming-unit of spleen)
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Hematopoietic stem cell
• 1. Appears in the yolk sac• 2. Thrives in RBM• 3. Similar to small dark lymphocyte• 4. Migrating cell• 5. Pluripotential cell (gives rise to different cells)• 6. Self-supporting cell• 7. Rarely dividing cell (Go)• 8. Sensitive cell
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Differences between embryonic and
postembryonic hematopoiesis
Embryonic Postembryonic
Histogenesis of blood Blood physiologic regeneration
Extracorporal (extraembryonic)
Intracorporal
Intravascular Extravascular
Occurs in different organs RBM
Megaloblastic erythropoiesis mesoblastic
Normoblastic
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CLASSES OF HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS
• I class – polipotent (pluripotent) stem cell.
• II class – hemistem cells for lymphocytopoiesis and myelopoiesis.
• III class – unipotent cell (committed) sensitive to exact hemopoietin (erythropoietin, leykopoietin, thrombopoietin).
• IV class – blasts (young actively dividing cells).• V class – maturing cells. • VI class – an “adult” mature cells in peripheral
blood.
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1. Decrease in cell size (from 20 till 8 мm)2. Ejection (extrusion) of the nucleus3. Accumulation of hemoglobin in the cytoplasm4. Basophily decrease and acidophily increase
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ERYTHROPOIESIS
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GRANULOCYTOPOIESIS
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GRANULOCYTOPOIESIS
• 1. Decrease in the cell size
• 2. Chromatin condensation
• 3. Changes in nuclear shape (flattening – indentation – lobulation).
• 4. Accumulation of cytoplasmic granules.
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LYMPHOCYTOPOIESIS
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LYMPHOCYTOPOIESIS
• 1. Begins in red bone marrow and then continues in lymphoid tissue.
• 2. Lifespan various in different types of lymphocytes.
• 3. Antigenindependent development – in the central hematopoietic organs (red bone marrow and thymus) and antigendependent – in peripheral ones (spleen, lymph nodes and nodules).
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MONOCYTOPOIESIS
• 1. Decrease in cell diameter.
• 2. Decrease in nuclear diameter.
• 3. Cytoplasm basophily decreases.
• 4. Nucleus changes its shape from round to kidney-like
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MONOCYTOPOIESIS
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Megakaryocyte