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Tissues, Organs, and Tissues, Organs, and SystemsSystems

The Human Body Video

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Organization of Your Organization of Your BodyBody

There are four levels of organization, There are four levels of organization, it is called a HIERARCHY.it is called a HIERARCHY.1. Cells;1. Cells;2. Tissues;2. Tissues;3. Organs;3. Organs;4. Organ Systems.4. Organ Systems.

Bodies of vertebrates (animals with Bodies of vertebrates (animals with spines) are composed of different cell spines) are composed of different cell typestypes-Humans have 210-Humans have 210

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Organization of Your Organization of Your BodyBodyOrganization Structure Diagram

Smallest Smallest LevelLevel

Largest Largest LevelLevel

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1. **You have enough basic information on what a 1. **You have enough basic information on what a Cell is, so lets move on…Cell is, so lets move on…

2. 2. Tissues:Tissues: are groups of cells that are are groups of cells that are similar in similar in structure and structure and functionfunction. . Intro Cells & Tissues Video

In adult vertebrates, there are four In adult vertebrates, there are four primary primary tissues:tissues:

--EpithelialEpithelial,, --ConnectiveConnective, , --Muscle,Muscle, --Nerve Tissue.Nerve Tissue.

All preform different bodily functions, All preform different bodily functions, thus are different cells.thus are different cells.

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Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue:Epithelial Tissue: Separates, protects, and keeps Separates, protects, and keeps

organs in place.organs in place. Covers the body surface and forms Covers the body surface and forms

the lining of most organs. the lining of most organs. Ex: Skin (epidermis), & inside of Ex: Skin (epidermis), & inside of

mouthmouth The Skin Video (5 min)

Layer of skins Layer of skins

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Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Connective TissueConnective Tissue- - Provides support and Provides support and

structure to the body, also fills structure to the body, also fills spaces.spaces.

The most abundant tissue in the The most abundant tissue in the human body. human body.

Ex: Blood, bones, cartilage, and Ex: Blood, bones, cartilage, and fat.fat. Bones & Cartilage Video (3

min)

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Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue -Contracts and relaxes to -Contracts and relaxes to

support movement.support movement. Three types: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.Three types: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

Ex:Ex: Cardiac muscle Cardiac muscle contracts to pump contracts to pump blood through the blood through the body;body;

Skeletal muscle moves Skeletal muscle moves the bones when the bones when directed by brain.directed by brain.

Smooth muscle Smooth muscle contracts in digesting;contracts in digesting;

Muscle Video

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Nerve TissueNerve Tissue Nerve Tissue Nerve Tissue

- responds to stimuli in the - responds to stimuli in the environment;environment;

- controls movement, reflexes, and - controls movement, reflexes, and receives sensory information;receives sensory information;

ExEx: :

Brain tissue, Brain tissue,

Spinal Cord Tissue, Spinal Cord Tissue,

Peripheral nerve cells.Peripheral nerve cells.

Nerve Video

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3. 3. Organs:Organs: are combinations of different are combinations of different tissues that tissues that form a form a structural structural and functional UNIT. and functional UNIT.

Any organ that is essential to life is Any organ that is essential to life is called a vital organ.called a vital organ.

Examples:Examples: Heart - Heart - Pumps blood throughout the body.Pumps blood throughout the body. Liver - Liver - Removes toxins from the blood, Removes toxins from the blood,

produces produces chemicals that help in chemicals that help in digestion.digestion.

Lungs - Lungs - Supplies oxygen to the blood and Supplies oxygen to the blood and removes COremoves CO22 from blood. from blood.

Brain - Brain - The control center of the body.The control center of the body.

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4. 4. Organ systems:Organ systems: are are groups of organs groups of organs that that cooperate to cooperate to perform the perform the major major activitiesactivities of the body. of the body.

-The vertebrate body contains 11 -The vertebrate body contains 11 principal organ systems.principal organ systems.

Prepare yourself to name some systems Prepare yourself to name some systems after the film.after the film.

The 11 Human Body Systems

The 11 human body systems are as follows:The 11 human body systems are as follows:

-- nervous system-- nervous system -- integumentary system-- integumentary system

-- -- respiratory systemrespiratory system -- -- digestive systemdigestive system

-- excretory system-- excretory system ---- skeletal system skeletal system

-- muscular system-- muscular system -- -- circulatory systemcirculatory system

-- endocrine system-- endocrine system -- reproductive system-- reproductive system

-- lymphatic (immune) system-- lymphatic (immune) system

UnderlinedUnderlined = most important= most important BoldBold = on past exams= on past exams

All are extremely important because each system is responsible All are extremely important because each system is responsible for a specific cellular function, just on a much larger scale.for a specific cellular function, just on a much larger scale.

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Personal Knowledge Personal Knowledge SynergySynergy Questions TimeQuestions Time

READ Pgs 62 – 65READ Pgs 62 – 65 ANSWER Qs. 1 – 4 in your handout today.ANSWER Qs. 1 – 4 in your handout today.

This will be taken up for TERM 2 Marks.This will be taken up for TERM 2 Marks.

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Overview of Organ Overview of Organ SystemsSystems

Organ systems communicate, integrate, Organ systems communicate, integrate, support and move, maintain and regulate, support and move, maintain and regulate, defend, reproduce the body.defend, reproduce the body.

Communicate outside environment changes:Communicate outside environment changes:

-Three organ systems detect external -Three organ systems detect external stimuli and coordinate the body’s stimuli and coordinate the body’s responsesresponses - - NervousNervous,, sensory sensory and and endocrine systemsendocrine systems

Support and movement:Support and movement:

--The The musculoskeletalmusculoskeletal systemsystem consists of two consists of two interrelated organ systemsinterrelated organ systems

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Regulation and maintenance:Regulation and maintenance:

-Four organ systems regulate and maintain the -Four organ systems regulate and maintain the body’s chemistry; called HOMEOSTASIS.body’s chemistry; called HOMEOSTASIS. DigestiveDigestive,, circulatory circulatory, , respiratory respiratory andand excretory excretory systems.systems.

Defense:Defense:

-The body defends itself with two organ systems: -The body defends itself with two organ systems:

IntegumentaryIntegumentary and and immune.immune.

Reproduction and developmentReproduction and development-The -The RReproductive system.eproductive system.

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Overview of Major Organ Overview of Major Organ SystemsSystems

The Nervous SystemPurpose: to coordinate the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environment

Major Organs and Their Functions

Brain – control center of the body, where all processes are relayed through

-- consists of cerebrum (controls though and senses) and cerebellum (controls motor functions)

Spinal Cord – sends instructions from the brain to the rest of the body and vice versa

-- any organism with a major nerve cord is classified as a chordate

Nerves – conduct impulses to muscle cells throughout the body

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Overview of Organ SystemsOverview of Organ Systems

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Overview of Organ Systems Overview of Organ Systems

The Skeletal SystemPurpose: to provide structure, support, and movement to the human body

Bones are where new blood cells are generated (in the marrow), and require the mineral calcium for strength

Major Bones of the Human Body

-- femur (thigh bone) -- humerus (upper arm)

-- radius and ulna (lower arm) -- cranium (skull)

-- sternum (breastbone) -- clavicle (shoulder blade)

-- fibula and tibia (calf) -- vertebrae (back)

-- scalpula (shoulder) -- pelvic bone

-- coccyx (tail bone) -- phalanges (fingers/toes)

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The Muscular SystemPurpose: works with the skeletal and nervous system to produce movement, also helps to circulate blood through the human body

-- muscle cells are fibrous

-- muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary

Major Muscles in the Human Body

-- biceps -- triceps -- deltoids

-- glutes -- hamstrings

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The Digestive SystemPurpose: to dissolve food so it can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the body

Major Organs and their Functions:

Mouth – to chew and grind up food

-- saliva also begins to breakdown food into particles

Esophagus – pipe connecting mouth to stomach

Stomach – produces acid that breakdowns food.

Small Intestine – Digested food moves through intestine by Villi. The Villi absorbs nutrients and water from digested food.

Large Intestine – removes water from the digested food and gets the waste ready for excretion

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The Circulatory SystemPurpose: to deliver oxygenated blood to the various cells and organ systems in your body so they can undergo cellular respiration


Heart – the major muscle of the circulatory system

-- pumps blood through its four chambers (two ventricles and two atria)

-- pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs, where it gets oxygenated, returned to the heart, and then pumped out through the aorta to the rest of the body

-- valve regulate the flow of blood between the chambers

Arteries – carry blood away from the heart and to the major organs of the body

Veins – carry blood back to the heart away from the major organs of the body

Capillaries – small blood vessels where gas exchange occurs

Blood – the cells that flow through the circulatory system

-- red blood cells contain hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein that carries oxygen

-- white blood cells function in the immune system

-- platelets help in blood clotting

Spleen – helps to filter out toxins in the blood

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The Respiratory SystemPurpose: to provide the body with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide


Nose & Mouth – internal entry and exit point for air

Pharynx – serves as a passage way for both air and food at the back of the throat

Larynx – your “voicebox”, as air passes over your vocal chords, you speak

Trachea – the “windpipe”, or what connects your pharynx to your lungs

Lungs- Supplies oxygen to the blood and remove CO2 from blood.

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Overview of Organ Systems Overview of Organ Systems

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HomeostasisHomeostasis

As animals have evolved, specialization As animals have evolved, specialization of body structures has increasedof body structures has increased

For cells to function efficiently and For cells to function efficiently and interact properly, internal body interact properly, internal body conditions must be relatively constantconditions must be relatively constant

-The dynamic constancy of the -The dynamic constancy of the internal environment is called internal environment is called homeostasishomeostasis

-It is essential for life -It is essential for life

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HomeostasisHomeostasis

Humans have set points for body Humans have set points for body temperature, blood glucose temperature, blood glucose concentrations, electrolyte (ion) concentrations, electrolyte (ion) concentration, tendon tension, etc.concentration, tendon tension, etc.

We are We are endothermicendothermic: can maintain a : can maintain a relatively constant body temperature relatively constant body temperature (37(37ooC or 98.6C or 98.6ooF)F)

-Changes in body temperature are -Changes in body temperature are detected by the detected by the hypothalamushypothalamus in the in the brain brain

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