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Grammar Vocabulary
GRAMMAR VOCABULARY......................................................................................................................................1
1. SENTENCES ............................................................................................................................................. ......... .......4
1.1 Sentence patterns ........................................................................................................ .......................4
1.1.1 Subject............................................................................................................................. ........4
1.1.2 Object............................................................................................................. .........................4
1.1.3 Complement ................................................................................................ ...........................5
1.2 Subordinate clause ......................................................................................................................... ......51.2.1 Reduced clause ..................................................................................................... .................5
1.3 Reversion Inversion o ng: o ng t chnh / o tr ng t ..............................................5
2. VERBS ................................................................................................................................................................... ....7
2.1 Tenses .................................................................................................................................. ...............7
2.1.1 Past ....................................................................................................................................... ..7
2.1.2 Present .......................................................................................................... .........................7
2.1.3 Future ............................................................................................................ .........................7
2.2 Verb patterns ......................................................................................................................... ...............8
2.2.1 Intransitive V ........................................................................................................... ................8
2.2.2 Linking verbs: S + Linking V + C (noun / adj / adv) ................................................. .................82.2.3 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) ........................................................................................ .........9
2.2.4 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + IO (sth) ...................................................................... ..........10
2.2.5 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Bare Inf. causative form .................................................11
2.2.6 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + V-ing (present participle) V2 ang tip tin .....................11
2.2.7 Perception verbs: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Gerund / Bare inf....................................................... ..11
2.2.8 Transitive V: S + Vt + O (sb/sth) + (as / to be) + OC (complement) ....................................... .11
2.2.9 S + V + (not) + Gerund (V-ing) han thnh cng vic, qua, passive ............................13
2.2.10 S + expression + Gerund (V-ing) ......................................................................................... .14
2.2.11 S + V + to + V .................................................................................................................. .....15
2.2.12 S + V + to-inf / V-ing .................................................................................................... ........16
2.2.13 Series of V ..................................................................................................... ......................17
2.3 Modal verbs ng t hnh thi ............................................................................................. ...........18
2.4 Condition ........................................................................................................................ ....................19
2.4.1 Tense ............................................................................................................. ......................19
2.4.2 Conditional conjunction ................................................................................................ .........19
2.4.3 Unreal expression .................................................................................................... .............20
2.4.4 To Wish ................................................................................................................ .................20
2.5 Active - Passive voice ............................................................................................................... ........21
2.5.1 Active form ............................................................................................................. ................21
2.5.2 Passive form ........................................................................................................ .................21
2.6 Reported speech ............................................................................................................... .................22
2.7 Verb + prepositions ........................................................................................................................ ....23
2.8 Verbal phrases ...................................................................................................... ............................24
2.8.1 Clichs ................................................................................................................... ...............26
3. NOUNS ...................................................................................................................................................................26
3.1 Nouns agree with V .......................................................................................................... ..................26
3.2 Countable and uncountable nouns ......................................................................................... ............27
3.2.1 countable nouns ................................................................................................................... .27
3.2.2 Uncountable nouns .................................................................................................. .............27
3.2.3 Countable nouns ............................................................................................................ .......28
3.2.4 Uncountable nouns .................................................................................................. .............28
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3.2.5 Count and noncount noun meanings .................................................................. ...................28
3.2.6 Collective nouns + singular / plural Verbs ............................................................. .................29
3.2.7 Patterns ...................................................................................................... ..........................29
3.2.8 Noun phrase = Adv + Adj + Noun ...................................................................................... ....29
3.2.9 Noun clauses ....................................................................................................... .................30
3.2.10 Article ..................................................................................................................... ..............30
3.3 N + Verb ..................................................................................................................... .......................30
3.4 Preposition ............................................................................................................. ...........................31
3.4.1 Pronouns ................................................................................................... ...........................313.4.2 Noun phrases ............................................................................................ ............................31
3.4.3 N Idioms .......................................................................................................................... ....32
4. ADJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................................................ ..33
4.1 Position of adj. in clause ........................................................................................................... .........33
4.2 Possition of adj in phrase: OPSHACOM .......................................................................................... ...33
4.3 Patterns .............................................................................................................................. ...............33
4.3.1 Sentences ................................................................................................................... ..........33
4.3.2 Adjective clause .................................................................................................... .................34
4.4 Comparison ......................................................................................................................... ...............34
4.4.1 Equal comparision ........................................................................................ ........................344.4.2 Comparative ............................................................................................. ............................35
4.4.3 Supperlative ................................................................................................................ ...........35
4.5 Vocabulary ..................................................................................................................................... ....35
4.5.1 Descriptive adj ............................................................................................... .......................35
4.5.2 Limiting adj......................................................................................................................... ....35
4.5.3 Irregular comparatives and supperatives ............................................................... ...............36
4.6 Preposition ............................................................................................................... ..........................37
5. ADVERBS ............................................................................................................................................................ ...38
5.1 Definition ................................................................................................................. ..........................38
5.2 Adverbial phrases = MPT = Manner + Place + Time ................................................. .........................385.3 Building words .................................................................................................................... ................38
5.4 Vocabulary ..................................................................................................................................... ....38
5.4.1 Frequency .................................................................................................................... ..........38
5.4.2 Degree ..................................................................................................................... ..............39
5.4.3 Quality/manner tnh cht, cch thc ............................................................... ...................39
5.4.4 Place .............................................................................................................................. ........39
5.4.5 Time - thi gian ........................................................................................................ .............40
5.4.6 Purpose mc ch ................................................................................................. .............40
5.4.7 Reason nguyn nhn ................................................................................................ .........40
5.4.8 Concession nhng b .......................................................................... ...........................405.4.9 Contrast i lp ........................................................................................................... .......40
5.4.10 Vocabulary .......................................................................................................... ................40
6. CONJUNCTIONS ............................................................................................................................... ........ ......... ....41
6.1 Vocabulary ...................................................................................................................................... ....41
6.1.1 Coordinating conjunction ............................................................................ ..........................41
6.1.2 Subordinating conjunction ................................................................................................ ....41
7. PREPOSITIONS ...................................................................................................................................... ......... .......43
7.1 Meaning ........................................................................................................................................... ...43
7.2 Phrases .......................................................................................................................... ....................44
LISTENING.................................................................................................................................................................49TOEFL........................................................................................................................................................................50
8. CONFUSED WORDS .............................................................................................................................. ......... .......50
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9. NUMBERS ..................................................................................................................................................... ........ ..54
9.1 Ordinal numbers s th t .................................................................................. ...........................54
9.2 Cardinal number s m ........................................................................................... .....................54
9.3 Time, ................................................................................................................................................ ..54
9.4 Age .................................................................................................................................. ..................55
9.5 Measurement units ............................................................................................................ .............55
9.6 Comparative ...................................................................................................................... ................56
9.7 Maths .............................................................................................................................................. ...56
10. EXPRESSIONS - PHRASES ............................................................................................................................. ...56
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1. SENTENCESMain clause + subordinate clause
1.1 Sentence patternsIntroductory
modifier
S Adv V O Adv
N, + definiting relative clause V O , V-ing + OAdj, + , Appositive (N phrase),
non-definite relative clause(V-ing, V-ed) ,
V O and V + O
Adv, V O ,, and V + O Adv
modifies
clauseAdv Ving
+ O
V O Adv
modifies VPrep. + V-ing + O, Ved + V OV-ing + O, activeV-ed + O, passive
To inf+ O,
purposeAdverbial clause, Main clauseMain clause Adverbial
clause
SPECIAL
It / there + be + adj + to-inf/ that + clause.
It / there + be + N + adj - clause.
It is likely that + clause
That + clause + V + O
It is the first (sb) to inf
(Sb) + first + V-ed
It was 1973 that + clause
It was I/she/he/we/they/you (=subject compplement)who
It is + to be + pp + by 2010 future invention
It was + to be + pp + by 1995 past invention
Ex.
Astronomernow believe them.
To influence farmers the most.
The very mistakes they make show that + clause.The committee members resented the presidents not Oinforming them of meeting.
S V adj N N O
The American dancer Maria Tellchieffirst became prominet in Europe.
1.1.1 Subject
Noun, N phrase, N clause, Pronoun, Gerund,
Ex. That clause + V + O
1.1.2 Object
DO = sth IO = sb
Patern: S + tV + IO (sb) + DO (sth)
S + tV + DO (sth) + prep. + IO (sb)
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1.1.3 ComplementN, Adj.
Pattern: S + Linking V + complement ( modify S)
Complement : classification (norminal), description (adjectival), location time (adverbial).
1.2 Subordinate clauseNoun clause
Adjective clause
Adverbial clause
Reduced adj-clause; appositive.
1.2.1 Reduced clause
If, unless,
whether,
although, though
When, after, before, since, while V-ing ActiveOnce, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, as V- ed Passive
Though While adj
Main clause
(S+V+O)
Ex. Take the medicine as prescribed
The man took the medicine as having to.
After / ifpermitted, the student will be absent from class.
1.3 Reversion Inversion o ng: o ng t chnh / o tr ng t
Pattern: adv + aux/defective V + S Strong form
Weak form: emphasize
Ex. Money you shall have if you go and get me a magazine.
Negative word: not only, not until, not once, at no tim, by no mean, nowhere, never, seldom, rarely,scarely, hardly, no longer, barely, no sooner, nowhere, not, at no time, nore, neither, on no account, by no
means, little, evenless, so, such
Ex. Never will I smoke again.
Ex. In no circumstances must a soldier leave his cambat position.
= A soldier must not leave his cambat position in any circumstances .
Only, so, such: only after, only once, only them, only by chance , only today, only yesterday, only onrare occational, only with dificulty, only by luck
Ex. So beautiful is she that = such a beautiful girl is she that
Only + subordinate clause, + main clause
Preposition phrase + V + S: in front of, in the corner of, in, outside o ng t
Ex. On the desk lies a spider
Here / there + V + S
ch t gi
o ng tEx. Here comes my taxi!
Except: Here you are!
If clause: unreal in the past/present; real in the present
Ex. Had I met you 10 years ago, I wouldnt have married her.
Were I you, I would marry
Should she come, Ill tell.
Did you study har, you might pass the exam.
Comparision o ng t
Ex. Helium is not inflamable, and is therefore safer than hydrogen.New York Citys Central Park is nearly twice as large as is the second smallest country, Monaco.
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{long subject}
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2.2 Verb patternsS + Auxilary V + Main V +
Modal V = can, could, may, might, will,
would, shall, should, must, ought to,had better, would rather
Modal verb + (not) bare inf.
Intransitive V + Modifier = adv
Primary V = be, have, do Transitive V + IO + DO = Sb + SthLinking V + Complement = N, adj, advTo be
2.2.1 Intransitive V
Intransitive Verbs: cannot be passive form
Swap run ry,
Collape, run, walk, wait+ modifier = adv
2.2.2 Linking verbs: S + Linking V + C (noun / adj / adv)
Linking verbs:
Be = Become
Become * tr nn
Go
Grow
Get
TurnRemain vn cn
StayAppear *
Look * trng nh
Seem * dng nh
Sound nghe nh
Prove t raFeel
Smell
Taste
+ complement = N, adj, adv
Ex. To look ordinary lying on the bed
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2.2.3 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb)
2.2.3.1 Subjunctive bng thi cch: S + Vt + DO (sb) + to-inf.
Meaning an order or a request 2 Subj.
Transitive V: can make passive forms
Formular:
S1 + V + DO(sb) + (not) to inf.
S1 + V + that S2 + (not) bare inf present subjuctiveVerbs:
Advise + V-ing
Allow * + V-ing + to-inf,
= permit
Ask + to-inf
Cause *
Command
Convince = persuade thuyt
phc
Challenge = Defy thch thcDecree ban hnh
Demand
Desire + V-ing desire + to-inf
mun
Enable
Encourage (*) + V-ing
= encourage * that (bare-inf)- khuyn khch, ng h
Expect + to-infForce + to-inf
Help + V-ing = + to-
Help + (sb) + to-inf / bare-inf
Hire + to-inf
Insist * + that = on + V-ing /
Know + V-ing = + to-inf.
Instruct
Invite *
Move
Need + to-inf +V-ing (= need to
be V-ed active)
Order * + to-inf
Permit * = allow + to-inf +V-ing
Prefer +to-inf V-ingPropose + to-inf +V-ing
Recommend * + V-ing
= +(as)+to-inf
Remind
Request * + to-inf
Require *
Stipulate quy nh.
Suggest *
Teach
Tell + (sth) *Train
Urge thc gic.
Wish + to-inf
+ (sb) + (not) to inf.
Demand, insistance, preference, proposal, recommendation, request,requirement, suggestion
+ that + clause (bare-inf) +main V
To ask, demand, insist, prefer, propose, order, recommend, require,
request, suggestIts
Recommended*, suggested*, proposed*, required*, urgent khan
Mandatory, obligatory bt buc
Assential*, nessessary*, important*, vital*- very important, imperative *-cp bch, bt buc (a).
+ that + clause (bareinf)
Or
+ to inf active.
2.2.3.2 S + V + to + be + pp passive
Ex. There is (sth) to be passive
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2.2.4 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + IO (sth)
List of verbs:
Write
Read
Sing
Tell
PaintDraw
Pass
Hand
Give
Send
Borrow (sb) (sth) = borrow (sth) from (sb)
Lend * (sth) to (sb)
Mail
BringFind
Get
Leave
Promise
Offer
Throw
Sell
Buy
Loan
Owe n
Advance t trc
Teach
Show
Make
Feed
Cut
Build
+ (sb) + (sth)
S + V + IO (sth) + to/for (DO) (sb)
Explain
Describe
Introduction
Lend
Say
Report
Repeat
+ (sth) + to/for (sb)
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2.2.5 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Bare Inf. causative form
2.2.5.1 Active
To have/get + (sb) + bare inf
To have/get + (sth) + pp. passive
To help + (sb) + bare-inf. / to inf
To make + (sb)/(sth) + bare-inf = force (sb) + toinf. bt buc.
To let + (sb)/(sth) + bareinfWould you please * + (not) + bare-inf.
Please* + (dont) + bare-inf.To say/ tell + (sb)
To think / believe
+ that + clause (bare-inf)
2.2.5.2 Passive: S + Vt + IO (sth) + pp. / Adj
Have / get/ make + (sth) + pp. nh (ai) lm
Ex. To have my hair cut
To have the floor cleanedLet us do (sth) = lets do (sth)
2.2.6 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + V-ing (present participle) V2 ang tip tin
List of verbs:
Catch
Find
Keep
Leave
Set Start
+ (sb) + V-ing (present participle)
V2 ang tip tin
2.2.7 Perception verbs: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Gerund / Bare inf.
Perception verbs: sense of humor/community: hearing,seeing, touch, smell, taste
Observe
See *
Look at
Watch *
Hear *
Listen to
Notice *
Feel *
Smell
Taste
+ (sb) + Gerund / Bare inf.
2.2.8 Transitive V: S + Vt + O (sb/sth) + (as / to be) + OC (complement)
List of verbs:
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Call
Name
Make
Consider * (sb) (as) N = regard * (sb) + as + N xem nh
Appoint * b nhim
Assign phn cng, ch nh
Designate (ch nh)
Choose
Select
Pick out
+ O (sb/sth) + (as / to be) + OC
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2.2.9 S + V + (not) + Gerund (V-ing) han thnh cng vic, qua, passive
Tense:
Past action: V + having + pp.
Passive: V + being + pp.
List of verbs:
Admit * tha nhn passive.
Advise (*) + V-ing = advise + (sb) + to-infAnticipate * n trc
Appreciate (*) + V-ing = advise + adj + V-ing
Avoid *
Allow (*) + V-ing / to-inf = allow (sb) + to-inf.
Complete
Consider * xem nh.
Control *
Defend
Defer = Delay + V-ing = Postpone + V-ing tr hon
Delay *+ V-ing = Postpone* + V-ing + to / until +Deny *+ V-ing = Refuse * + To-inf. ph nhn
Desire * passive.
Detest
Discuss
Dislike
Encourage (*) + V-ing = encourage + (sb) + to-inf
Enjoy *
Escape
Excuse
Fancy tng tngFear
Finish *
Forbid (*) + V-ing = forbit (sb) + to-inf.
Forgive + V-ing = forgive (sb) + to-inf.
Hate (**) + V-ing = hate + to-inf.
Imagine
Involve * lin quan
Keep (*)
Like (**) + V-ing like + to-infLove (**)+ V-ing love + to-inf
Mention
Mind * would you mind / do you mind
Miss
Need (*) + V-ing passive.
Pardon
Permit (*) + V-ing = permit (sb) + to-inf.
Practise
Prevent
Quit *Remember (**) + V-ing remember + to-inf
Recall
Recollect
Recommend (*) + V-ing = recommend (as) +
to-inf
Regret + V-ing regret + to-inf tic
Report
Resent * phn n, ni gin, ghen
Resist khng c
Resume
Risk liu
Suggest passive.
Top, End (**)
Tolerate tha th, chu ng
Try (**) + V-ing try + to-inf
Understand
Want (*) + V-ing want + to-inf = want (sb) to-
inf.
S + V + Gerund = S + V + DO(sb) + to-inf.
Advise
Recommend
Encourage khuyn khch, ng h
Allow
Permit
Forbid * cm
+ V-ing = + (sb) + to-inf
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2.2.10 S + expression + Gerund (V-ing)
2.2.10.1 Expression / phrasal verb
Cant help
Cant bear = cant stand khng th chu ng
have a hard time
have fun trouble
spend time
go ( sport / hobby)be worth passive.
Give up = abandon t b, u hng
Get through = use up; finish + V-ing
Go on = continue, work on
Keep on
Put off= postpone (hon)
+ V-ing
2.2.10.2 Prep. + Ving
Approve of
Be letteroff
Count on
Think about / of
Forget about
To object to
To look forward to
To be accustomed to = get/ be used to + V- ing
used to + inf.
To go ( sport / hobby)
Accustom to
+ V-ing
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2.2.11 S + V + to + V
2.2.11.1 S + V + (not) to inf. (khng c ngha mc ch)
hng ti tng lai: mong mun, bt buc
Afford (p ng)
Agree* + to-inf refuse + to-inf
Aim
Appear*
Arrange
Ask+ to-inf = ask (sb) + to-inf.
Attempt
Beg
Care
Choose
Claim tuyn b.
Consent tn thnh, ong y.
Dare
Decide
Demand* + to-inf = demand + that (bare-inf) =demand (sb) + to-inf
Deserve* xng ng.
Desire (*) + V-ing/To-inf.
Determine
Expect*
Force* + to-inf = force (sb) + to-inf
Fail*
Forget (**) + to-inf forget + V-ing
Happen
Hate
Help (**) + V-ing = help + to-inf.
Hesitate
Hire + to-inf = hire (sb) +to-inf. = engage
Hope*
Intend*
Learn nghe tin
Like / dislike (**) + to-inf + V-ing
Love (**) + to-inf + V-ing
Manage
Mean
Need* + to-inf = need (sb) + to-inf + V-ing
Offer
Order + to-inf = order (sb) + to-inf
Plan
Prefer
Prepare
Pretend gi v
Promise*
Refuse *Request
Seem
Strive phn u, c gng = try + to-inf
Struggle
Swear
Tend
Threaten e do
Undertake m nhn
Warn cnh bo
Want * + to-inf = want (sb) + to-inf.
want + V-ing =want to be + V-ed.
Wait
Wish
Volunteer
Vote * bu c.
Would like + to inf invitation, want
To be likely + to inf c l.
There is to be + to inf passive
+ to-inf
S + V + Wh-question + toinf.
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Ask
Tell
Show
Advise
Teach
Learn
Know
Remember
Forget
Explain
Understand
Wonder
Decide
+ Wh-question + to-inf
Ex.
I want to know how to prepare a lecture.
2.2.12 S + V + to-inf / V-ing
Dont change meaning
BeginStart
Intend
Continue
Bother
Help
Know
+ toinf / Ving
Change meaning:
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Remenber
Forget
Regret
Love
Like /dislike (would you like)
Hate
Want
Prefer
Try + to-inf c gng
Try + V-ing th
Need* + to-inf active
Need* + V-ing = need + to be + pp. passive
Advise + to-inf/V-ing = advise (sb) on (sth)
Agree
Allow
Permit
AttemptLeave
Mean
Neglect
Dread s hi
Study
Stop
Propose
Go on
Cant helpCant bear
+ V-ing qua, b ng (c lm), cng vic;
meaning: tinh thn, tnh cm
+ to-inf s lm, kt qu meaning: vt cht,
2.2.13 Series of V
2.2.13.1 S + V + to + V
Purpose nhm, .
2.2.13.2 S + V and V
Consecutive cc hnh ng lin tip.
2.2.13.3 S + V (,) present participle
Simultaneous
cc hnh ng cng mt lc.
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2.3 Modal verbs ng t hnh thi
Present tense: Modal verb + (not) bare inf.
Modal verbs: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to, had better, would rather,
1. Request Yu cu lch s
Will you + inf. have (sb) do (sth)
Would you + inf. invite
2. Permission Xin php
May, can + inf.
3. Ability kh nng
Can + inf = to be able to + inf. c th
4. Guess, posibility Phn n
50%: may*, might* (unreal), could + inf c th
90%: should*, ought* + inf expect mong mun c l l
95%: must + inf chc l
5. Advisibility khuyn bo
Should*, had better*, ought to + inf nn, tt hn l
Should* have + pp l ra nn ( past)
6. Necessary / obligation / logical conclusion cn thit, yu cu
Must + (not) inf = (dont) have to + inf(past tense: had to) = be to + inf.
= have got to + inf= be supposed to + inf.
Past tense: Must* + have + pp. logical conclusion in the past.
7. Logical conclusion
Must + have + pp. logical conclusion in the past.
Must + be + V-ing / adj logical conclusion in the present.
Must + bare inf every day, often logical conclusion events that repeat.
8. Preference ngh
Present / Future: Would rather / would sooner + (not) inf. (present subjunctive inf.)
Would rather than S2 + past subj. = S1 + wish + S2 + past subj.
Present contrary to fact: S1 + wish + S2 + present subjunctive (inf.)
Past contrary to fact: S1 + wish + S2 + past perfect subjunctive (had + past sub.)
9. Past habit Thi quen trong qu kh
Would + inf. = used to + inf.
To be used to + V-ing to be accustomed to
To get used to + V-ing to become accustomed to
10. Would rather thnh thc m ni
Would rather+ (not) bare-inf = Prefer+ to-inf
Would rather* + S + (didnt) + inf unreal thnh thc m ni.
Ex. Id rather you didnt do anything about it for the time being.
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11. Spectation about the past - c on hnh ng trong qu kh - chc hn l
Past tense: modal + have + (not) past participle
Should + have + pp l ra nn
Must + have + pp. certain chc chn.
May + have + pp. possible c th.
Could + have + pp. possible c th.
Might + have + pp. less possible it kh nng.Cant + have + pp. impossible, almost impossible hu nh khng th.
Ex. You should have done (sth) = you didnt do (sth).
2.4 Condition
2.4.1 Tense
If- clause Main clauseReal in the present / future Present simple
Do *
Future simple
Will + inf.Unreal in the present / future Past subjunctive
V-ed (were) **
Conditional simple
Would + inf.Unreal in the past Past perfect subjunctive
Had + past subj. *
Inversion of had + omit if
Conditional perfect
Would + have + pp.
Mixed time
Result of the action in the past
Past perfect subjunctive
Had + pp.
(unreal in the past)
Conditional simple
Would + inf.
(unreal in the present)
Tense
Conditional tense: would + inf expresion action in the future
Past subjunctive: V-ed (were) expresion action in the present
Past perfect sub.: had + past sub. expresion action in the past
Could = would be able to
Might = may be would
Inversion o ng ***
Ex 1. If I had a car I would go to class on time.
Had I a car I would go to class on time.
Ex 2. If he should be here he would see her
a little chance to happen nu tnh c.
an opportunity nu c c hi.Reduce form dng rt gn *
V-ing / Ved + S + V + O
2.4.2 Conditional conjunction
If, only if nu, ch khi.
In case = in the event that trong trng hp.
Provided that * = providing that = as long as (adv) + phrase min l, vi iu kin.
Unless = If not nu khng.
Or else = otherwise = or nu khng.
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2.4.3 Unreal expression
c
Wish = If only c m, gi m, gi m.
Would to God = would rather that c g
+ clause (unreal past)
Would + have + pp.
V-ed
Might / could / would + inf future
Might / could / would + past sub. presentMight / could / would + past perfect sub. (had pp) past
Nh th l
Main clause + as if / as though + clause = Would + have + pp.
Present simple past sub.
Past simple past perfect sub.
n lc
Its (high / about) time + for (sb) + to - inf punctual present n lc.
Its time + clause (V-ed = past sub.) qua l ra complaining / criticizing: phn nn, chng i, ch trch.
Unfulfilled desires in the past **
Had hoped + that + would + (not) + bare inf.
Ex. She had hoped that he would stay longer.
2.4.4 To Wish
Wish + to-inf = wish + (sb) + to-inf want
Wish + would + bare infWish + V-ed (past subjuctive)
Wish + had + V-ed (past perfect)
unreal in the future / present / past
Wish + (sb) + N
Wish + (sb) + adj
Wish + for + N
Ex. I wish you luck.
We wish you a Merry Christmas
He wished himself dead.
He wishes for money.
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2.5 Active - Passive voice
2.5.1 Active form
Meaning: Express habitual, natural, realy actions
Compare these cases:
Active: If the sake bakes much longer, it will burn.
Active: Brick exposed
Active: Mecury expand in direct proporttion to temp.Active: the sale ends
Active: City lies in
Passive: City is locatied in
2.5.2 Passive form
S + V + DO (sth) + IO (sb)
DO (sth) + be + pp. + IO + by + S
IO (sb) + be + pp. + to + DO + by + S
S + get + pp sth happen unplanned, unexpected.
S is said that + clause = S is said + to inf. ngi ta ni rng
S is supposed + to + inf. = It is planned / arranged / expected
There is / are + sth + to be + pp. dn c lm
Be + to be + present/ pp. intention d tnh.Its believed
Its hypothesized
Its known
Its said
Its thought
Its true
Its written
+ that + clause (simple present)
expresses, knowledge
Ex.
Fish have been found to contain a particular type of fat that helps lower blood cholesterol levels
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2.6 Reported speech
Verbs:
ask, believe, forget, knowm remember, report, say, think, tell + that + clause.
Change:
Pronoun, possessive pronoun he, she, they, him her
Time:
Today that dayYesterday the day before.
The day before yesterday two days before
Tomorrow the next day, the following day.
The day after tomorrow in two days time .
A year ago the previous year, a year before.
Khng i theo bng khi c thi gian c th.
Ex, On Monday Jack said to Tom: Im leaving the day after tomorrow.
On Tuesday Jack said to Tom he was leaving tomorrow.
Adjective:
This, that the, it
These, those them
Next the following
Last the previous
Wh question
Wh word + S + V + O
Cu mnh lnh 2 i t lin tc
Verbs: beg, remind, warn, advice, recommend, ask
S + O + to inf.
Mnh din t mt s tht, chn l
Khng i trt t ca i t: simple present, simple past
iu kin khng tht khng i th ca ng t.
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2.7 Verb + prepositionsAccede to tn thnh
Accommodate to sp xp
Accommodate (sb) with (sth) cung cp
Accompany by (sb) with (sth) theo
Account for = as of (prep?) tnh n
Add (sth) to (sth)
Adjust toAdmit to nhn vo .
Advise on (sth)
Appeal for ku gi
Apply to (place) for(position) xin vo
Appose to + V-ing
Approve of
Arive at place, in country, in city, home
Attach to
Attribute to
Believe in, belief(s) in (n)Belong to (sth)
Confess to th nhn
Confine to giam cm , hn ch.
Contribute to ng gp
Consist of = compose of gm = include =incompass.
Delicate (sth) to (v-ing)
Devide into
Devote (sth) to (sth) cng hin
Differentiate between + in khc nhau gia + ch
Enter + (place) enterinto (problem)Expose to
Face + with (sth)
Feed on = eat
Fight for.
Forget about (sth)
Infuse A into B / B with A thm, ngm
Interfere with tr ngi, cn tr
Introduce into (sth)
Lead to
Object to (sth/ ones V-ing)Referto
Regard to
Relate to (sb)
Remind (sb) of(sth/sb)
Search for tm kim
Serve as position
Succeed in successful success thnh cng
Succeed to successive succession k tha, ktc
Worry aboutTalk + to (sb) about (sth)
Talk with (sb)(sth) trnh by .
Be noted forwork
Be well-known forwork + as person/position
Be respected forwork
Be appreciated forwork
Win prize / award forwork thng cho cng trnh
Receive prize / award forwork
Reward (sb) for(sth)
Pay for(sth)
Buy / sell / purchase + (sth) + for(money)
Gain prominence for c ch y v
Mistaken for(sth) b nhm vi
Pay for(sth) with cash
Spend (money) for(sth)
Qualify for
Register (sb) for(course)To cast off= to give up t b, u hng
To get rid of+ V -ing = do away - r b
Associate with lin kt vi
Connect with (sb) to (sth)
Deal with
Depute with tranh ci vi
Compare with
Compete with cnh tranh.
Comply with (sth) tun theo.
Mingle with = mix with = blend with trn ln= sthBlend into trn ln voCome from = stem from = derive from
Detach from tho ra
Detract from ly i, lm gim
Differfrom (sth) in (sth)/ that clause
Emerge from ni ln, hin ln
Escape from
Forbid (sb) + from + V-ing be forbidden + to inf
Obtain from
Prevent (sb/sth) fromProfit from
Sufferfrom
Remove from
Result from l do
= Result in dn n kt qu = the result ofWithdraw from rt ra khi.
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To catch (sb) in + V-ed bt gp
To be caught in + V-ed
To be opposited + to
To be betteroff+ V-ing
Confide in gii by vi
Engage in tin hnh, ha hn
Observe in (light, flame)Participate in
Rank in (value) xp hng theo
Range in (size) phn loi theo
Succeed in
Vary in (sth)
Advise (sb) on (sth)/ of(sth)
advise (sb) agaisnt doing sth
Aggree with / on
Concentrate on tp trung
Count on (sb/sth)
Decide on *
Depend on *
Design on *
Focus on *
Insist on /that (inf) khn khon i, nht nh *
Plan on (V-ing) *
Rely on: to be dependent tin vo.
Spend (time) on (sth) = spend (time) doing (sth) *
Spend (money) for(sth) *
Vote on (sth) *
Ex.
I forgot about our asking them
V prep.-Adj-Gerund-Obj
2.8 Verbal phrases
To make
To make means to produce, creat contruct.
Ex:Make an advances in
make an attempt
make choice
make a comparision
make a contribution
make an exception
make a decision
make a discovery
make a distinction
Make a forcast
Make a law
Make a mistake
Make a point
Make an investment
Make a plan
Make a prediction
Make a profit
Make a promise
Make an offer
Make a suggestion
Make a sound / noise
Make use of
To make a grant to (sb) = to grant (sb) (sth) ban, cp.
To make + Obj (short form) + adj + to inf. = To make + adj + Obj (noun phrase).
Ex. Make it possible for people to live
Make possible the first settlment
To do
To do means to perform, act, accomplish
Do an assignment
Do bussiness with
Do a job (errand, chore vic vt)
Do ones duty
Do ones work
Do homework
Do research
Do someone a favor
Do ones best c gng ht sc
Do manufacture
Do contribution to
Do damage
Do wonder
Do a service
Do kindness
Do harm
Do wrong
Do justice to nh gi ng
To Advise
Advise (sb) not to do (sth)
Advise (sb) of do (sth) = inform (sth)
Advise (sb) on (sth) = should do (sth)
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2.8.1 Clichs
To put in your diary = remember to do.
To give me a hand = help, aid, assisst,
3. NOUNS
3.1 Nouns agree with VHere / there + be (S) + S
Great quantities of+ N
Lot of = a lot of
None + of the
No, half, any
Almost of the, almost all, Most, all, some,majority
+
(Of the)
All but tt c, ngoi tr
Of many things, trong s
Fractions / percentages
The rest
+ N + V (N)
Not only + S1 + but (also) + S2
Either/ Neither+ N1 + or/nor+ N2
+ V (N2)
S1 + as well as + S2 (cng nh)
S1 + along with + S2 i theo
S1 + accompanied by + S2 thp tng bi
S1 + together with + S2
S1 + in addition to + S2
All ofS1 but S2 tt c, ngoi tr
+ V(S1)
Ex. Of all the law suits, 95 percents of them are
Singular V Plural VSingular count noun, non-count noun
Anything, nothing, something, every, A pair of, each,
everyone, someone, anyone, no one
Neither of, either
What, whatever, whoever
Plural count noun
Both + S1 + and + S2 = both of the + N= both+ N
A few, several, various, many, some,
numerous
One, a, an, one of the + N
Quantities of time/ money/ value/ distance
Two, three
The number of + plural N s lng
A great / large / big/ increasing amount of + noncount N
A number of + plural N nhiu
A great / large / big / increasing number of
The adj = adj + people = NVietnamese language Vietnamese people
Ex.
A Flock of birds, sheep
A Herd of cattle
A Pack of dogs
A School of fish
A Pride of lions
Eye glasses
Jeans - qun jean
Pants - qun di
Shorts - qun sooc
Trousers - qun ty
Pliers - km
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Tweezers - nhp
Scissors - keo
Tongs - kep
500 dollars a year
a large supply ofpensOlympic series
Most of the + N = most + N
Most ofthem = almost allBoth of the + N = both + N
A few of us girls = a few girls vi trong
s bn con gi chng ti.
The young, the woulded, the deaf, the blind, thedead, the living
Olympic gamesSingular nounsMumps - bnh quai b . Meases si. Arthritis vimkhp. Appendicitis vim rut tha. Rickets ci xng.
Herpes -
Economics. Mathematics. Statistics. Physics. Politics.Civis cng dn. Ethics o c. Genetics.
News
Learning, shopping working
3.2 Countable and uncountable nouns
3.2.1 countable nouns 3.2.2 Uncountable nounsT i kmThe, this, that, these, those, (a) few, pieces of
A, all, each, one, two, none
Some, any, many, A lot of, severalA great number(s) of, The number of(sing. V), Anumber of(plural V), fewer than , more than
Few = not many a few = some 3 + plural count
N, Only a few of
The, this, that, these, those, (a) little, piece of
Some, any, much, a lot of
A large/ big/ great/ increase numberof, Theamount of, less than , more than, less
Little = not much a little = some = a small
amount of sth
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Vocabulary
3.2.3 Countable nouns 3.2.4 Uncountable nounsSingular Plural
Alga algae to
Nucleus Nuclei nhn TB
Bacterium Bacteria
Fish Fish
Fungus Fungi / fungusesMouse Mice
Wolf Wolves ch si
Man Men
Child Children
Person People
Alumnus Alumni
Foot Feet
Thought - Thoughs
Feeling Feelings
Byssinosis Byssinoses - bnh bi phi do bng
Datum - Data
Basis Bases
Criss Crises
Criterion Criteria
Stimulus Stimuli - tc nhn kch thch
Phenomenon Phenomena
Dialysis Dialyses tham tch
Medium media
Radius RadiiIndex Indices
Appendix Appendices
Food (s) Fruit, Apple, Bread (s), Butter, Cheese,
Coffee, Pepper (s), Salt, Sugar (s), Tea (s), Milk, Rice(s) oil
Clothing, Jewelry
General Ns:
Equipment, Furniture, MachineryMaterials: wood, iron, glass
Traffic, Transportation
Homework, Housework, Information, Knowledge,Music, training, movie
Sunshine
Evidence (bng chng), Intelligence, Violence,
Air, steam, smoke, water, ice, Soil, Silver (s)
Advice
CourageDamage
Fun, Luck, Honesty (s thnh tht), Happiness,Sadness, beauty, peace,
Luggage, Postage
Money
Pottery, Poverty, Progress, Scenery
Abstract Ns:
Significance, ignorance
Singular nouns (plural):
Improvement(s), mammal(s), fossil(s), color(s),
regulation(s), mural(s) tranh tng; vegetable(s),collection(s); skin (s), superstition(s), culture(s)
3.2.5 Count and noncount noun meaningsAgreement(s)
Bone(s)
Business(es)Cloth(s)
Damage s thit hi; damage(s) tin boi
thng.
Decision(s)
Education(s)
Fire(s)
Glass(es)
History(ies)
Honor(s)
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3.2.6 Collective nouns + singular / plural VerbsArmy (on qun)
Assembly
Audience
Band, Team
Class
Client khch hng ca lut s
Club
Chorus dn ong ca.
Committee + singular V
Congress
Crowd
Crew
Faculty
Family
Government
Group
Jury (boi tham on)
Majority *
Minority
Orchestra ban nhc.
Organization
Public
Police
Series
Staff
Variety
2,3,4 dolars
2,3,4 miles
Ex. Eat plenty fruit and vegetables.
Ordinary: + sing VThe majority believes him to inocent.
The majority of students believe him to inocent (v ti).
Most of the caris
No remain are
Many a student knows this
N1 N2, they d nhm ln vit r ra.
N = V + post position
Ex. A drop out. A sit in. a look out. A break out. A lift out
3.2.7 PatternsPosition
N, apposition, V + O
N + Prep. + N
N + prepositional phrase + V
Ex.
Training program
It was they who + clause emphasize
3.2.8 Noun phrase = Adv + Adj + Noun
Compound Noun: N (name, as an adj) N
Position / function + N. Ex. Inventor John Hollan
N V-ing/ V-ed + N Ex.Wheat producing country
V-ing + N = Printing paper, making blacksmiths,
Adj + Adj + N. Ex.direct physical experience; efficient flying capabilities
Such + (a/an) + adj + N
So + adj + (a) + N. Ex. So far north
Noun phrases
Sch gio khoa biology book compound nounSch ni chung book of biology
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No single alphabet = not a single alphabet
Frances Independence Day
His first / last years ofoffice as President of us
N, so called, N
N, both of which + V
Those people who = those who
The other ngi cn li trong 2 ngi
Another ngi kia, (ngi khc)
Vietnam (n) nation. Vietnamese (n) nationality. Vietnamese (n) vietnamese language
A vietnamese (n) a person. The Vietnamese (n) viet nam people
Number + N
Ex. Most students = most of the students = almost all of the students
The more most student in ___
We girls some / few of us girls - mt s trong bn con gi chng ti
Only a few nations = some nations only few nations negative meaning
First act of
Half an hourMany a mile = many miles
3.2.9 Noun clauses
1. Statement:
That clause + V + O
S + V + that clause
Verbs: hope, think, say, believe
2. Wh-question:
S + V + Wh-question clause
Wh question: what, where, when, why, how
Verbs: ask, know
3. Y/N question:
whether / if + N phrase / clause
Ifcannot begin a sentence as a subject
Ex. That the rest of the universe does not circle around the earth was proven by Gallieo.
3.2.10 Article
Ngha chung land
Vng t c th the land
Ex. The Mecican Government
The only means of land transportation was the horse
The worlds most extensive ranges
Rich people = the rich
Talented people = the talented
3.3 N + Verb
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3.4 PrepositionCause of
Choice of
Conponent of
Content of
Cost of
Dangerof
Effect of(cause) + on (receiver)Equivalent of
Evidence of
Example of
Form of
Group of
Instance of trng hp
Intention of
Method of / for
Native of , native to (adj)
Origin ofPossibility of / for
Price of
Probability of
Quality of
Result of
Supply of
Use of
Approach to
Attention to
Beliefin
Contribution to
Cure for
Decrease in
Demand forException to
Excuse for
Experience with
Expert on
Improvement in
Increase in
Influence on
Interest in
Need for
In Opposition toReason for
Reliance on tin cy, tn nhim
Requirement for(V-ing)
Solution to
3.4.1 Pronouns
Subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they.
Object pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, them.Possessive adjectives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their. + The + N
Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, their.
Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves.
Relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that.
Infinitive pronouns + singular verb
Everybody somebody anybody nobody
Everyone someone anyone no one + Singlular Verb
Everything something anything nothing
3.4.2 Noun phrases
To give me a hand = help, assist, aid
On the other hand
On hand = in present possession or readily available
In stock out of stock
On sale.
On view: open to public inspection : on exhibition
On pins and needles
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In advance
3.4.3 N Idioms
A piece of cake very easy
A piece of her mind
Out load
On the double
In her own good time
On schedule
Thats that.
In bad taste ?
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4. ADJECTIVES
4.1 Position of adj. in clause
Adj + N
N + adj (+ prep.) + obj (adj clause)
Linking verb + adj:
Linking verb: be, become, remain, feel, look, see, smell, state, sound, stay, appear.
Indefinite proN + adj
N + adj
Adj [//] = available, alive, aflont, asleep, above
N = something, anything, nothing
Ex. Something new
To make it possible for (sb) to do (sth) = to make possiple + long N
4.2 Possition of adj in phrase: OPSHACOMOpinion how big how old color where from made of + N
Sng ti:
Pale
Light
Bright
Dark
Color:
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Pattern:
Check
Stripped
Plain
Flowered
Splot
4.3 Patterns
4.3.1 SentencesIts + adj + of + sb + to inf.
Adj + V-ing
Busy + V-ing
Eager - hm h
Foolish - in ro
Fortunate may mn
Happy
Lucky
Prepared = Ready sn sng
Please
Sorry
Worth
Adj + to-inf
Anxious bn khon.Boring
Dangerous
Difficult
Easy
GoodHard
Pleased
Prepared
Ready
StrangleUsual
Patterns
It is + (much) too + adj. + a day + for + sb + to + inf (khng dng vi that)
It is + (much) so + hot + a day + that + clause. Except: busy + Ving
It is + such + a hot day + that + clause
It is + quite + a hot day
N + adj/adv + enough + to + inf. = sufficiently + adj. = enough + N = N enough (*)
Enough + N + to inf. = N + enough + to inf. (*)
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However / No matter how + adj + S + V
Whatever / No matter what + N + S + V
Ex. (*) Much too cold to = much so cold that.
Much too much for (sb) = excess d tha.
Much too hot a day
too much days
As far as is known,
4.3.2 Adjective clause
Markers
Which, whom, where, when, that, whereby nh + clause (S + V)
Who, which + V
Of which, Whose + N + V
That
Prep. + which/who never use prep + that
That the best
That hn hp : person + thing
Ex. The racket with which she is palying was offerd her on her birthday.
The racket that she is palying with was offerd her on her birthday.
Reduced adjective clause
Khng th b relative pronoun khi n l subject, whose, of which, where, whereby
Restrictive clause
V-ing (active); V-ed (passive)
As an object omit relative pronoun: whom, which, thatEx. Thats the book which I bought 2 days ago.
Standing overthere, the girl smile with me.
The girl standing overthere is clever.
While I was young, I = while being young, I = while young, I
Built in 1976, capital is still in use.
The man I saw was a Native American.
Non-restrictive clause
That cannot be used
Which, whom as a object cannot be omitted
Ex. Heres her book, which you borrowed to her 2 days ago.
Active, passive
Symptions, ranking from mild to severe,
4.4 Comparison
4.4.1 Equal comparision
(Not) + so + adj / adv + as +
(number) as + adj / adv + as +
The same + noun + as +
Vocabulary: Heavy / light weight
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Wide / narrow width Deep / shallow depth
Long / short length Big / small size
Ex. Five times as fast as comparable areas during the industrial revolution
As far as is known
It costs twice as much as
4.4.2 Comparative
(far / much) + (less / more) + adj / adv - ER + than + clause.S + V + the + adj-ER + of the two + N = of the two + N + S + V + the + adj-ER
Number multiple + as + many/much + N + as Multiple number comparative
The more + S + V + the more + S + V + Double comparatives so snh kep Cng Cng
Ex. Herry is the smarter of the two boys.
This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one.
The hotter it is, the more miserable I fell.
The more you study, the smarter you will be.
Has a longer history than any region of North America.
Much too much for(sb) = excess = d
Much more quickly
Much too fast
4.4.3 Supperlative
(Much) + the (most / least) + adj / adv EST + in / of + N
One of the + (most / least) + adj / adv EST + plural N + single V +
The first + adj / adv + S + to inf
Ex. One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Bjorn Borg.
4.4.3.1 VocabularyShort adj/adv = 1 syllable
Single vowel single consonant double the consonant
Ex. Bigger, redder, hotter,
Long adj/adv 2 syllables: -ed, -ful, - ish, - ous.
Ex. More useful, more boring, more stylish, more cautious
Short/ Long adj/adv: -some, - y, er, - el, - ow, -le.
4.5 Vocabulary
4.5.1 Descriptive adjColor: white, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet
Size: large, tiny,
Quality of person: find, kind, nice, cute
Quality of thing: beatiful, intersted , important, colorful
4.5.2 Limiting adj
Article: a, an, the.
Cardinal number: one, two, three,
Ordinal number: first, second, third, fourth
Possession: my, your, his
Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
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Quantity: few, many, much
4.5.3 Irregular comparatives and supperatives
Far Farther
Further
Farthest
Furthest
Xa
Little Less Least tMany / Much More Most NhiuGood / Well Better Best TtBad / Badly Worse Worst Xu
Late (adv) Later Last TrOld (adj) Older
Elder
Oldest
Eldest
Gi
V-ing = adj Animal / thing
V-ed = adj people
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4.6 PrepositionAcceptable to
Adquate for
Afraid of
Amenable to chu trch nhim.
Analogous to tng t.
Aware of / that nhn thc.
Capable ofCharactersistic of
Close to
Concern with (sth) about (sth)
Contrary to
Dependent on Independent of
Different from differently than (sb/sth) in (sth)
Eligible for
Equal to
Equivalent to tng ng.
Essential to / for= vital to / for(sth)Except for
Expert at
(sb) is Familiarwith (sb)
(sth) is Familiarto (sth)
Fond of
Free from
Good at
Guily of-
Important to (sb) = importance of
Inferiorto kem hn, di.Jelous of(sth/sb) ghen t, ganh ghet vi.
Native to (a), native of(n)
Necessary for/ to
Next to = Near + (obj)
Perfect for
Popularwith (sb) in / on (sth)
Possible for
Preferable to thch hp
Regard to Regardless of
Relevant to thch hpResponsible to (sb) for(sth)
Rich in fat
Sensitive to
Similarto
Successful in
Shy of / about (sb/sth)
Thanks to
Typical of
Unusual in (sth) bt thng ch.
pp. form
Accustomed to
Adapted to
Applied to
Appreciated for
Based on
Bored withCompared to
Composed of
Disappointed in /with
Divorced from
Engaged in
Equipped with
Interested in
Isolated from
Married to
Opposed to i lpOpposited of i din Related to
Satisfied for
Suprised at / by
Related to
Tired of
To be famous for
To be granted for
To be known for
To be noted forTo be respected for
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5. ADVERBS
5.1 DefinitionAdverbs modify verbs, except linking verbs.
Adverbs modify adjectives or other adverbs.
5.2 Adverbial phrases = MPT = Manner + Place + TimeS + (be) + adv +
Ex. Corn is usually grown
Adv +
V-ing (present participle)
V-ed (past participle)
Adj
Prep.
Conjunction
Ex.
Long before
Almost all (adv + adj)
Almost exactly (adv + adv)
5.3 Building wordsAdverb = adjective + ly
5.4 Vocabulary
5.4.1 Frequency
Vocab.
Always, usually, frequently, often, generally thng.
Sometimes, occasionally, random thnh thong.
Seldom, rarely, barely, hardly kh m, him khi.
Never, scarely khng.
Seldom, rarely, hardly ever almost never , almost not at all kh m, him khi.
Hardly, barely, scarely almost nothing khng.
Negative + inversion
Ex. Never did she work.
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5.4.2 Degree
Vocab.
Extremely, cc k.
Very, so, too, quite, rt.
Fairly, rather, pretty kh.
Quite = fairly = kh; = complete = rt, hon ton, thc s.
Very rt; ngay.
Patterns
It is + too + a day + for + sb + to + inf (khng c dng vi that)
It is + so + hot + a day + that + clause
It is + such + a hot day + that + clause
It is + quite + a hot day
N + adj + enough + to + inf.
Enough + N + to inf. = N + enough + to inf.
It is + enough + adj + a + N + that5.4.3 Quality/manner tnh cht, cch thc
Vocab.
Good well
Fast fast
Late late
Hard hard
Joyful joyfully vui v.
Ill ill ni xu.Ex. Speak ill.
Like (prep.)
As (conj.) + clause.
5.4.4 Place
Here there + Pronoun + V
Back, straight ahead
Home
Away, far
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5.4.5 Time - thi gian
The day after
The day later
Again, once agai
Every day
Then
Soon
Early, late
Before, after, duringBy the end of this year + fulture perfect (will + have + pp.)
Prior to
During period of time
When point of time
5.4.6 Purpose mc ch
Vocab
To, in order to, so as to
Patterns: can reverse
5.4.7 Reason nguyn nhn
Due to, thanks to, owing to, because of
5.4.8 Concession nhng b
Despite, In spite of d .
5.4.9 Contrast i lp
However = no matter how
In contrast to
5.4.10 Vocabulary
Somehow (adv) khng hiu v sao, cch ny hay cch khc.
Somewhat (adv) = slightly mt cht, hi.
In addition to = besides = moreover
According to
Well and trylly
Honestly speaking,
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Now
Today
Tomorrow In two days
= the day after tomorrow
YesterdayTwo days ago
= The day before
Next weekLast week
Now
TodayAt the endof this year
By the end of this year + fulture perfect (will have +
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6. CONJUNCTIONS
6.1 Vocabulary
6.1.1 Coordinating conjunction
6.1.1.1 And
Both + S1 + and + S2 (c v ) Plural Verb
S1 + as well as + S2 (cng nh) Verb (S1)
Not only + S1 + but (also) + S2 (khng nhng m cn) Verb (S2)
Ex. Can not only receive messages from sense organs, but it can also transmit messages throughout the
body.
6.1.1.2 But (contrast) oposite meaning
However = no matter how (adv)
Yet
Nevertheless
Still
Whereas (ngc li trong khi )6.1.1.3 Or
Either+ S1 + or+ S2 V (S2)
Neither+ S1 + nor+ S2 (khng cng khng) V (S2)
Nor ph nh mnh sau V (S2)
Whether or
6.1.1.4 So
Therefore,
SoThats why
Clue: Lead become
6.1.2 Subordinating conjunction
6.1.2.1 Place
Where, wherever
6.1.2.2 Time
Before
After
When (chc chn)
If (khng chc chn)
While + N / clause
As
Since: from that time to present
t khi
Once
As soon as
As long as, So long as: from
beginning to end
Every time = when ever (bt c
khi no)
The next time
The last time
The first time
By the time (cho n khi)
Partterns
When + clause (V-ed = simple past) Clause (V-ed, had + pp, was/were + V-ing)
When + clause (had + pp = past perfect) Clause (V-ed)
While + clause (V-ed = simple past) Clause (V-ed)
While + clause (was/were + V-ing = past cont) Clause (V-ed, was/were + V-ing)
+ clause (was/were + V-ing = past cont) When + clause (V-ed = simple past)
Before + clause (V-ed = simple past) Clause (V-ed, had + pp)
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7. PREPOSITIONS
7.1 MeaningAbout
Xung quanh
Khp ni
Khong chng
V vn gAbove
Trn
Hn
After
Sau (place / time)
Against
Chng li, tri li
ng phi
Da vo
i vi, snh vi
Chuan b, d tr (ng u)
At
Ti (place)
Vo lc (time)
Trng thi
Chiu hng
S lng
By K bn
Cho n khi
Ch thi gian ni chung
Ngang qua
Bi, do
Nh, theo
ch
o lng
For
V, cho (mc ch)
Nguyn do
Ch thi gian
Ch chiu hng (ni n, mc ch) Trao i (tr tin cho)
From
Ngun gc, t (place)
Ch thi gian
S khc bit
Nguyn nhn, ly do
In
Ch ni chn (place)
Ch thi gian
Ch trng thi
Of
S hu
Ngun gc
Khong cch
V vn
Nguyn nhn
Thnh phn, ni dung ch ng
On Ch ni chn
Ch thi gian
V vn
V s l thuc
To
Ch ni chn
Ch s di chuyn n
Gii thiu IO (sb)
Ch thi gian
With
Ch s thp tng
Ch s s hu
Ch th cch
Ch phng tin.
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As
As soon as possible
As far back as
As faras know
As a consequence of
At
At best / worst
At first = initially at lastAt least
At once = immediately
At times = occationally
At the peak of
At birth
At death
At random
At home / work / school
At the age of20 = 20 years ofage = 20 years old
At some + future timeAt night
At the same time as
At times
At the moment
At the greatly reduced price
At no charge
At the core of
By
By means ofBy way of= via
By hand
By chance tnh c
By accident = on pupose
By far = considerably ng k.By contrast ngc li
By day, by night
By then cho n sau .
By making + V-ing
For
Forinstance
Forexample
Forfree
For(sb) i vi
Fornow
Forthe first time
Foran injection to be effective agaist tettanus, it must be admistered
From
Part from
Of
The probability of
Rather than = instead of
The same of
Instead of(adv)
as result of= Resulting from = to result in
OffOffthe coast of ngoi khi
Within
Within 72 hours ofthe injury
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In
In advance = Ahead of= before
In vain = without success tht bi
In the wrong direction
In the large multilevel structures
In effect, In use ang lu hnh
In existence
In detail
on the wholeIn general
In common
In part = partly
In practice, In theory
In line, in a row
In style
In popularity
In luck
In motion
In the street obstructing tc nghn.In conflict tri vi
In greater number
In charge of
In dangerof
In favorof thin v, ng h .
In spite of
In: century, decade, year, season, month, part of day (in themorning, in the evening)
In the forth century
In the century BC
In the mid-1980s
In the future, in the past
In: continent, country, state, city, building, room, the world.
In the world = All overthe world
In the house = domestic
In the night sky
In the front / middle / back
In army/ air force / wavy
In a book/ magazine/newspaper
In bills
The first stage in the manufacturing of
In some culture
In a/an adj (hnh thc adv) + manner
Rich in fat
In need of
In search of
In consideration of
In term ofIn the process of
In view of
In parnership with cng tc vi
In particularwith
(get) In contact with = in touch with
In common withIn addition to = besides
In opposition to
On
On diet
On fire
On the other hand
On hand available ?
On radio / television / the telephone
On the whole = in general
On saleOn the average
On purpse
On the clear night
On time = punctual
On account of
On behalfof
On the basis of
On top of the world
On place
On land
On Earth
On the frontier
On long sea voyagesOn the slope trn sn dc .
On the street, on the cooner, on the side walk,
On the way = enroute,
On the right / left
On the 5th floor,
On train
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Out of
Out oftown away
Out ofdate old
Out offashion ??
Out ofwork jobless, unemployed
Out ofquestion impossible
Out oforder not fuctioning, broken
OverAll overthe world
To
To some degree mt chng mc no Priorto
According to theo.
Under
Underconsideration for a job
Upper
Uppermiddle class
With
With regard to
With the exception of
With the purpose of
With + instrument
Togetherwith
In parnership with cng tc vi
In particularwith
In contact with
In common with
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Listening
Agreement
Neither do I.
So do I.
I dont either.
I do, too.
I do also.
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TOEFL
8. CONFUSED WORDS
Percent percentage
Percent (n v) + singular verb
Percentage (con s)
Kind typeKind + count noun
Type + noncount noun
Not only but also not but
Not only but also c hai
not N1 but N2 khng N1 m N2.
But = except
I am but a fool only - ch l ngi kh di
No not none
No (a) + noun
Not (adv) + verb/ adj
None (pronoun)
Besides beside
Besides (prep, adv) = in addition to, moreover hn na, ngoi ra.
Beside (prep) = near, next to bn cnh.
Instead of instead
Instead of + N/ adj/ adv
Instead (adv.). at the end of a sentence.
Most (a) Almost (adv)
Almost all (of the) = most (of the)
After (prep) Afterward (adv)
After (prep) + phrase sau.
Afterward (adv) + clause sau .
Around (prep) Round (a)
Around (prep) - vng quanh .
Round (a) trn.
Somewhere (adv) = slightly
Direct directly
High highly
Fast fastly
Hard
Hard (a) = difficult kh khn;
Hardy (a) = rigid - cng, chc.
Hard (adv) = with great effort kh m. = heavily (rain), strongly (wind), deligently, induostriously (work)Hardly (adv) = barely, scarely, almost never khc nghit, kh m, hu nh khng.
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Hardly = never negative meaning khong dng not
Considerate
Considerate = throughtful, polite (a) chu o.
Considerable (a), rather lager amount or degree ng k.
Real
Real (slang) = very great (t lng)
Whole Wholly
Wholly = completely hon ton .
As a whole = generally tng qut, ni chung.
Effect (n) to affect (v)
Alive (a) to live (v)
As high as as soon as
As high as = (cost)
As soon as (adv) (time) + clause ng du cu
No longer = not any more (when) khng na .
Can nolonger see
Sometime sometimes
Sometime at some time in the indefinite future (when) mt lc no .
Sometimes = occationally (how often) thnh thong.
Earliest (a) Soonest (adv):
Once one time in the past
Like as
As (conj) + clause sameness
As (prep) + phrase sameness (job, robe, fuction, task) vi chc nng l.
Like / unlike (prep) + phrase similarity ging nh.
Like (a)
Alike (a) at the end of clause;
Unlike (a) + N, clause
Like (v) + V-ing like + to-inf Dislike (v)Do you like ? question.
Would you like + to-inf invitation - mi.
Likely (a) c kh nng.
Ex. Like A, S + V
As a policeman, I want you to I am a policeman
Like a policeman, I I am not a policeman
A is like B. A and B are alike.
Its likely that + clause
Late
Late (a,adv) no longer living, not punctual,
Later (adv) sau.Latter former (a) last of 2 things mentioned.
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Earliest (adj) Sooniest (adv)
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Lately (adv) = recently
Last = final (a)
Lastest = renewest, most recent
Near nearly
Near (prep, adv) = gn (distance)
Nearly (adv) = almost hu nh.
May be - perhap
It may be + phrase
Perhap (adv) + clause
Raise rise
Raise raised raised (tv) + (obj)
Rise rose risen (iv)
Lend - Borrow
Lend lent lent lend (sb)(sth) = lend (sth) to (sb) cho mn.
Borrow borrowed borrowed borrow (sb)(sth) = borrow (sth) from (sb) i mn.
Let Leave
Let let let (tv) let (sb) + bare inf yn, hy.
Leave left left (iv) leave (sb/sth) + place b li
Tell say
Tell told told (tv) tell (sb) (sth) ni.
Say said said (iv) say (sth)
Ex. To tell joke
To tell the truth.
Set sit
Set set set set (sb/sth) + place t, ti.
Sit sat sat sit + place ngi xung
Lay lie
Lay laid laid (tv) lay (sb/sth) t, xung .
Lie lay lain (iv) lie + place nm xung
To used to
Used to + inf discontinue habit thi quen trong qu kh.
Be used to + inf passive
Be used to + V-ing quen vi.
Get used to + V-ing = be accustomed to + V-ing tr nn quen vi .
Mind object to phn i.A. do you mind + V-ing? Would you mind + V-ing? c phin khng?
B. No, I dont mind at all
B. Not at all
Please
Would you please / Please + bare-inf.
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The mecican government
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9. NUMBERS
9.1 Ordinal numbers s th tA third ofall students = 1/3 of + are +
One of the first educations
The second gate = gate two
The forth volume of = Volume fourofN
Cotton used to rank first among alabamas cropsThe First Act of
TIME
The second yearofproduction
Forthe first time ln u tin.
I first came here ln u n y past
The first / the last+ to-inf.ln u tinThe first person to getngi u tin
It was the first time + have + pp (present perfect)
ln u tinIs + to be + pp + by 2010 future invention
Was + to be + pp + by 1995 past invention
9.2 Cardinal number s mHalf an hour
About halfthe total output
Culmulative grade point average GPA = 3.0 on a 4.0 scale = 3.0 out of 4.0.
My 2 children
You two
2 bedroom appartment compound noun
17 in 100 business calls
Hundreds of thousands of toursits
A few of us girls = a few girls vi a trong s bn con gi chng ti.
Large in propotion
PRICE
It was priced at $ 850.
Millions ofdollars worth of property = sth (which is) worth a sum of money ngi.
To rise by 100 USD CLASS
Subject : Boiology 457, Chemistry 101
Book: Biology book (SGK); book of biology
The second lesson = lesson 2
The forth chapter = chapter four
The forth volume of = Volume fourofN
9.3 Time,
Date
30 Dec = Dec 30 = 30th Dec = Dec 30th = Dec the 30th = the 30th of Dec (formal)
On the 12th dayof each month
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Forthe 12th of June
In: century, decade, year, season, month, part ofday
On: days of a week (date)
At: time of day
On time kp gi, (before, sm hn)
In time : punctual, in a nick of time - va kp lc.
At some + future timeIt takes (sb) + (time) + to-inf.
It was in 1761 that she came to Bostom.
Ex.
In the early / mid / late 1980s/nineteenth century.
In the next few years. (a number - N)
In the morning, in the evening
On the second of Sep. = on Sep second
On Wednesday,
On Newyears morning
At 6 pm, at noon; at night
At the time ofthe revolutionary warAs early as 1937
Only 10 years ago+ Clause (V-ed = simple past)
Over the past few years (time not definite)
For 3 years + + Clause (perfect)
For 3 years + now c 3 nm nay
For the last 3 years trong 3 nm cui.
For the past 3 years trong 3 nm va qua.Since 2000
Since 3 years ago cch y 3 nm.
+ Clause (have been V-ing = present perfect cont.)
3 years ago today ngy ny cch y 3 nm.
Ex. Train is a hour late
It was a waste time writing that letter.
It was during the Industrial Revolution that the US was able to increase productivity throughmechanization.
In the last 10 years, the Mexican govement has reduced the number of its state-owned Companies toabout half.
9.4 AgeReach the forties nhng nm 40.
Reach forties tui 40.
At the age of20 = 20 years ofage = 20 years old
To change with age thay i theo tui tc.
9.5 Measurement unitsA large pecentage ofemployees
At 43 percent interst
At 43 percent of all murdersHas a membership of some 10,000
To be measured by light-years
To be measrued in units = express in unit
To increas in size overtime
3 inches in length 1 kilo ofweigth = 12 inches in diameter
30 feet high = 30 feet in heigh
a heigh ofover 30 feet
At the speed of90 miles an hour
At about 17,000 feet persecond / a second
An earthquake of magnitude eight on the Richter scale
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To cover area of 120 square miles.
Half a degree Celsiuse, One degree centigrade, 90 degrees Celsuse, 55 degrees Farenhei
the lowest temperature possible is -273.16 degrees centigrade
9.6 Comparative5 times/ twice as faras comparable
More/less than 200 nation states = over200 nation states
Cost me 3 times as much as the last pair
Although there was appoximately 120 intensive languas institutes in the US in 1970s, ther are more thantimes as many now.
9.7 MathsA third = 1/3; 2 fifth = 2/5.
To rise on half a degree Celcuise
To be reduced by 400 meters
To expend the bed by 10 to 50 percent.
To reduce (sth) to about a half gim xung .
10. EXPRESSIONS - PHRASES
Nouns
Once a busy city
Skin(s) Improvement(s)
uncount noun: sunshine
on foot, by canoe, on houseback
by car, in cars, in a car
from one to another
Of all the lawsuits, 95% of them are filed
To be second only to
Ones ability to inf
Nassau hall is the oldest building now standing on the campus of Princeton University.
Wage rates depend in part on the general properity ofthe economy.
On pins and nedles
The sales figures con s doanh thu
Each and every word
Adverbs
Already not yet
Near = next to = close to + place
Trickly speaking, thng thn m ni.
Many a time = many times - nhiu ln
Just as much as we do
By no meas = not at all