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TOPIC 3
BASIC THEMES IN THE STUDY OF MOTIVATION
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What causes behavior? Motivation theorists
• Assume that for every behavior, there is cause– Goal is to identify those causes
• Tend to be eclectic
• Want to know what instigates behavior– Biology, learning, cognition
o
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Approach and Avoidant Causes
• Biological basis for approach/avoidant behavior
• Individual differences may be a result of inherited amounts of each system
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Temperament: we approach life with a particular orientation that can affect everything we do and say
Dual nature: we are often being pulled in two directions (moves us forward or stops us in our tracks)
Approach and Avoidant Causes
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Approach and Avoidant Causes Approach Causes
People do things because of something they want, desire, or need
Example: People eat because they are hungry.
Sometimes the want, desire, or need does not immediately give rise to a specific goal object
Avoidant Causes
People do things to avoid something
Example: People who have anxiety at a party may leave the party.
These things are not only aversive/noxious, they are also difficult/impossible to ignore
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Eight Basic Themes of Contemporary Motivation Theories
1. Behavior represents an attempt to adapt to the environment
2. Importance of determining what arouses/energizes behavior
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3. Understanding what governs the direction of behavior
– Need theory: needs are what give direction to behavior
– Goal theory: goals create a tension, and the individuals move toward the goals to reduce that tension
Eight Basic Themes of Contemporary Motivation Theories
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4. Understand persistence– One of the main predictors of success;
grows out of intrinsic motivation– Reward theory: we are inclined to repeat
behaviors that make us feel good (positive reinforcement) and discontinue behaviors that make us feel bad (negative reinforcement)
Eight Basic Themes of Contemporary Motivation Theories
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5. Understanding the role of emotions– Affect theory: people approach things to
experience positive affect and avoid things to guard against experiencing negative affect
– Feelings are important determinants of behavior
Eight Basic Themes of Contemporary Motivation Theories
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6. Accounting for individual differences– Motivation theorists are interested in why
individuals behave the way they do (biology, cognitions, learning)
Eight Basic Themes of Contemporary Motivation Theories
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7. Self-regulation of behavior– Learning to set attainable goals, manage
negative emotions, focus attention; tendency to engage in planning
– Motivational principles are the underlying reasons people self-regulate/achieve/take control
Eight Basic Themes of Contemporary Motivation Theories
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8. Humans have will (people can create their own destiny)
– People are not mere products of biology or the environment
Eight Basic Themes of Contemporary Motivation Theories