Towards cooperative and adaptive ship bridge design - FP7 Project CASCADe
Digital Ship Hamburg 28-02-2013
Dr. Cilli Sobiech
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CASCADe Project Partner
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Collaborative Project in 7th Framework Programme: Transport SST.2012.4.1-1. Human element factors in shipping safety CASCADe Model-based Cooperative and Adaptive Ship-based Context Aware Design Duration: 01.01.2013 – 31.12.2015 Advisory group: • Maritime Cluster Northern Germany • Nautilus International • NSB Niederelbe Schifffahrtsgesellschaft • Australian Maritime College
Rationale
“The ability of ship's personnel to co-ordinate activities and communicate effectively with each other is vital during emergency situations. During routine sea passages or port approaches the bridge team personnel must also work as an effective team.”
Development of bridge workstations, displays and controls on the one hand and procedures on the other hand is characterized by being non-harmonious:
equipment from different manufacturers is combined within ad-hoc bespoke environments,
existing standards and guidelines are unspecific and ambiguous,
disconnect between guidelines for system design and the guidelines for procedure design,
bridge design should involve cognitive capacities of humans and nature of the tasks at hand
Near misses, groundings and collisions are still commonplace
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CASCADe Objective
Improve safety of maritime transport through:
• bridge system that considers human errors by increasing cooperation between crew and machines on the bridge
• human-centred design methodology supporting analysis of crew performance at early development stages
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Advance the state of the art in maritime ship bridge design…
on four complementary research dimensions:
• Human-centered bridge systems
• Bridge design methodology
• Design of bridges as cooperative systems
• Human factors on bridges
• Formal modelling of bridges
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Study and design of ship bridges incl. human factors - challenges
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Usability? Ergonomics?
How good is it?
Safety?
Poor communication Alarms suppressed/ignored/misinterpreted
Fatigue
Lack of personnel
Distraction Poor bridge design
Inadequate means of navigation
Inadequate use of navigational aids
Alcohol/Substances
Uncertainty about responsibilities Communication barriers
External pressures Illness
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Challenges:
• Ships and bridges get bigger and bigger … distance to access displays longer and longer.
• Watch keeping is a task with high visual work load.
Assumptions:
• Multimodal interfaces help to get information to the user even with high visual load.
• Visual Displays, which can be used without focusing may help to improve situation recognition.
Human factors: situation awareness
Human factors: audio-visual workload
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Challenges:
• Watch keeping is a task with high visual workload.
• While watch keeping attention has to be paid to numerous additional instruments.
• Visual overload lead to “Human-out-of-the-loop” situations.
• Reduction of information/better visualization is required: – What information can be display how?
– Adaptive Displays?
• Standardization of information required.
• All information channels have to use same symbols.
Human factors: alert management
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• Number of false alerts is high. Therefore some alert messages are suppressed.
• Improved and standardized alert management is required.
• Support of all actors in safety critical situations.
Source: MAIB, 2008
Human factors: cognitive aspects
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Hypothesis: Recognition-Primed Decision Making
Experienced Seafarers decide and act in distinctive, unknown situations in two steps
1. Pattern Matching: Fast, mechanical, intuitive action
Case based reasoning: Actual situation is compared with known situations.
2. Mental Simulation:
Slow, aware process of a mental simulation. Reflection: may an action be successful?
Is an option good enough it will be executed. The decision process is highly dynamic, iterative and time
constraint.
Human factors: cognitive aspects
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• Human Machine Interaction and cooperative decision making
– Coordination Vessel - Vessel - Shore Services
– Decision support
– Optimizing
• Scientific challenges
– Distributed Cognition
– Safe System Design
• Safety Critical System Engineering
– Design Methodology
Bridge as a cooperative system
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Agents
Traffic
Environment
Task
Resources
H1
M1
H2 M… Mk
M2
Hn
H…
T1
T11 T12
T121 T122
T2
T21 T22
T221
.
. T222 T123
.
. Holistic perspective to investigate overall safety and resilience already during design time: potential conflicts
(incl. human errors),
inconsistencies and redundancies (e.g.
of information presented on screens)
Simulation Platforms
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Physical Simulation Platform Virtual Simulation Platform
hardware, software and humans based on the full-scale bridge simulator
purely based on models of the human and machine agents, tasks, resources
behaviourally
equivalent
The Virtual Simulation Platform will allow:
to evaluate bridge designs at early design stages using cognitive models,
in many more scenarios than the Physical Simulation Platform,
investigation of extreme scenarios that would be difficult to evaluate on the physical platform.
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Cognitive Models as Virtual Seafarer
Pe
rce
pt
hearing
Cognitive Layer
Associative Layer
Autonomous Layer
Memory
Long-term
memory
vision
Mo
tor gaze
hands
gaze feet voice
eye
Short-term
memory
remembering forgetting
recognizing visual announciations
(due to visual focus and Selective Attention in peripheral view)
procedure execution (e.g.handle uplink)
reactive behaviour (e.g.
steering & braking)
time for movements (eyes, hands)
decision making in unfamiliar situations
Adaptive Bridge System (ABS)
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Adapt the whole cooperative system to the (1) current situation, (2) relevant procedures and (3) the needs of the individual seafarer
Automatic or manual adaptation: e.g. information content, presentation, distribution
Attention: adaptation brings benefits (e.g. increased situation awareness) but may add extra cost (e.g. cognitive disruption).
Provide the most important information, in the most effective way at the most useful time, based on context awareness.
Evaluation: safety in maritime transport
We will evaluate safety on the bridge by means of a compound metric consisting of: • accuracy of seafarers’ actions i.e. levels of absolute human error
• timeliness of seafarers’ actions
• comparison of seafarers’ knowledge about the current context compared to a more objective prioritisation of context information
• confidence levels of seafarers i.e. do they think they did the right thing?
• fatigue level of the seafarer
• number of simulated near misses or near collisions
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Expected results
Develop, demonstrate and evaluate a new methodology enabling the design of a highly Adaptive Bridge System from a cooperative system perspective.
1. Functional and actual design of an Adaptive Bridge System (including adaptive Pilot systems)
2. Demonstrated and evaluated Adaptive Bridge System prototype
3. Demonstrated and evaluated human-centered design methodology
4. Fully implemented Cognitive Seafarer Models
5. Fully implemented Virtual Simulation Platform for bridge design evaluation
The methodology will integrate techniques and tools for harmonization of system development, procedure development and human factors fostering a holistic and affordable human-centred approach to ship bridge design.
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