![Page 1: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries.
Alison GillwaldResearch ICT Africa@The Edge InstitutePresentation at EuroCPR, Seville March 31st 2009
![Page 2: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Research ICT Africa
Network of researchers conducting ICT policy and regulatory research in 20 African countries across the continent in the absence of data and analysis required for evidence based policy
![Page 3: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Research ICT Africa
![Page 4: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Towards Evidence based policy
Policy research based on series of supply and demand side research undertaken by 20 country African research network which is triangulated with a telecommunications regulatory environment survey
Integrate into an index of indicators that will provide decision-makers with an understanding of policy performance and identify points of intervention
![Page 5: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Linkages between reform elements
![Page 6: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Termination charges
2008 Mobile to Mobile (US$)
Mobile to Fixed (US$)
Fixed to Mobile US$
Botswana
Kenya
South Africa
Tanzania
Uganda
11c
5.27c 2c 5.27c
12c 3.5c 12c
7.83c 7.83c 7.83c
9c 9c 9c
![Page 11: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
State ownership
![Page 12: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Telecommunications regulatory environment
![Page 13: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Comparative FDI: SA vs Nigeria
![Page 14: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Fixed lines: residential vs supply side
!"#$%!&
!!#'$(&
)(%#%%%&
)(*#'$%&
)'!#""!&
)$%#%%%&
(*!#+'(&
(,"#!(+&
')!#',"&
!(*#%$*&
(#))"#+*,&
$#!%,#%%%&
(('"*&
**,")&
$!,!$&
))$)*"&
$*,$!&
"%(($&
)("!('&
)+$$((&
+!!(+&
)%(%!!%&
)*("$&
(),)('"&
-./0123456&
76838&
9016:..8&
75:;380&<0=.&
7.>=?080&
@013230&
9.>6&ABCD.3:6&
E68F0&
GH080&
I>H3.J30&
KL08A0&
M.5>H&NO:3P0&
Q6=3A68>30R&R386=&STT&U0>0&(%%!V(%%,W&
<3X6A&R386&=52P:326:=&S(%%"&=5JJRF&=3A6&A0>0W&
![Page 15: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Urban share of residential fixed lines
![Page 16: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Fixed line willingness to pay
Line rental alone $8 p/m
![Page 17: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Households in SA with a working fixed line
•!Households with working
fixed line – 18.2%
•!Urban share of total working fixed lines –
95.7%
•!Average monthly fixed line expenditure – US$ 31.31
•!Average monthly price a household without fixed-line is willing to pay for the
service – US$ 3.05
![Page 18: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Supply side - mobile pricing
![Page 19: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Mobile phone users in SA disaggregated
78.6%
17.9%
10.8%
62.1%
share of prepaid users
16+ without mobile phone and active sim and willing to pay R58.40 (US$ 5)*
or more
16+ with duplicated sim cards
16+ with mobile phone or active sim
Average monthly WTP for mobile expenditure of non-users that would be interested in getting a mobile phone - R 46.70 (US$ 4.40)*
* At Dec 2007 prices and exchange rates
![Page 20: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Expenditure on mobile
![Page 21: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Mobile phone users
78.6%
17.9%
10.8%
62.1%
share of prepaid users
16+ without mobile phone and active sim and willing to pay R58.40 (US$ 5)*
or more
16+ with duplicated sim cards
16+ with mobile phone or active sim
Average monthly WTP for mobile expenditure of non-users that would be interested in getting a mobile phone - R 46.70 (US$ 4.40)*
* At Dec 2007 prices and exchange rates
![Page 22: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Have you used a public phone in last three months?
Average monthly public phone expenditure – R 34.82 (US$ 3.24)* * Exchange rates at Dec 2007
![Page 23: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Mobile willingness to pay
![Page 24: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Internet usage
3.8%
6.5%
6.7%
8.6%
8.7%
9.0%
17.3%
21.5%
22.0%
26.6%
26.7%
32.2%
38.3%
38.9%
43.4%
45.0%
50.8%
1.0%
2.4%
2.0%
0.7%
2.2%
4.3%
6.7%
8.7%
5.8%
5.6%
8.8%
15.0%
12.7%
13.0%
3.3%
10.1%
15.0%
Mozambique
Uganda
Rwanda
Ethiopia
Tanzania
Burkina Faso
Cote d Ivoire
Benin
Botswana
Ghana
Namibia
Kenya
Nigeria
Cameroon
Zamibia
Senegal
South Africa
Do you know what the Internet is? Do you ever use the Internet?
![Page 25: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Computer and working internet
![Page 26: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Internet access, usage and familiarity
![Page 27: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Accessing the Internet
24.3%
27.9%
31.5%
45.9%
51.5%
60.0%
65.5%
68.9%
70.0%
77.1%
84.9%
85.1%
86.5%
89.0%
92.0%
95.0%
21.7%
21.2% 29.2%
28.1%
29.2%
19.6%
26.5%
35.3%
33.3%
37.9%
32.4%
52.9%
23.7%
20.2%
41.7%
15.7%
19.3%
12.7%
21.7%
Namibia
Mozambique
Botswana
South Africa
Uganda
Ethiopia
Kenya
Tanzania
Senegal
Ghana
Cote d Ivoire
Benin
Rwanda
Nigeria
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
CYBER /Internet, Café
at home
at another persons HOME
at an educational institution
(school, university, etc.)
at work
using a mobile phone
library
![Page 28: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Internet access - South Africa50% know what the internet is, but only 5% use it
Where do they use it?
![Page 29: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Market structure/conduct
Despite horizontal/service neutral licensing regime, operators reamain vertically integrated with same patterns of dominance
Anti competitive incentive in market remain requiring constant adjustment by regulator
Regulators largely ineffectual due to constraints on authority and absence of competencies.
![Page 30: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Regulation
Resource intensive access regulation
Human capability and institutional capacity constraint
Independence and accountability
Information asymmetries
![Page 31: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Policy outcomes Inefficient and expensive/high cost of services - sub-optimal use
Lack of access to full range of service - > digital divide
High input cost to business/ reduce growth/employment opportunities
Not globally competitive - BPO/2010
![Page 32: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Conclusions & RecommendationsFixed lines access and usage charges in major obstacle to usage
Remedy: Reduce access charges even if increase access charges
Mobile phone access and usage constrained by high costs
Remedy: Remove any additional levies and taxes on services and handsets below a certain level
Pay-phones still widely used as part of multiple access and usage strategy of individuals
Introduce competition or regulate pay phone extension and prices for mobile and fixed networks to ensure access and extend to Internet provision
![Page 33: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Arising policy issuesInstitutional arrangements and capacity?
Economic growth and development? Critical mass.
Mobile the future? Cost? Devices?
International bandwidth costs? Funding of broadband - state backbones, protectionism/conflicts of interest? Broadband as public utility?
Old assumptions about continent challenged -
Nigeria and Ghana overtaking South Africa in mobile users, Egypt & Morocco on ADSL
e-skills indicator for e-readiness tertiary/secondary education on the continent not primary education
mobile banking, lowest regulated termination charges, end or roaming charges.
![Page 34: Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and ... · Towards Evidence-based Policy in Africa: ICT Access and Usage in 17 African countries. Alison Gillwald Research ICT](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081607/5eb6c40bb3b43d152e22df9d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
www.researchICTafrica.net