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TREATING WOOD
Improving durability by preservation &
modification
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Treating wood
Wood preservation Wood modification
thermal treatment fire/flame retardant chemical modification
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Why do we treat wood ?
Natural restrictions of wood Durability
resistance against biological attack of fungi and insects
Shrinkage and swelling unequal swelling in greater dimensions
Degradation UV, mechanical, fire
Water adsorption and desorption
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“Classical” Wood Preservation Mechanism toxicity Disadvantages:
emissions during production emissions during use emissions after use (waste stage)
New legislation (the Netherlands-Europe) Public image
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Alternatives to “classical” wp Durable tropical hardwood species
sustainable forest management (FSC) quality of plantation grown wood availability
Use of other materials pvc steel aluminium
Alternative treatment methods
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Wood preservation
Treatment methods
Vacuum - pressure Dipping, spraying Local treatment (pill, gasses)
Heating
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Foreco Dalfsen
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Treatability of wood
Impregnation of wood wood anatomy and density fluids heat transfer
Reaction with the cell wall material structure of the cell wall chemical composition
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Treatability of wood
Impregnation of wood wood anatomy and density
surface penetration/treatment
deep or complete treatment
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© SHR Hout Research
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Treatability of wood Impregnation of wood - Classes
easy - complete penetration possible moderate - min. 6 mm after 2,5 hours of pressure hard - max. 3-4 mm after 3-4 hours of pressure very hard - after 3-4 hours of pressure hardly any
impregnation
Dependant on wood specie Sapwood & Heartwood
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Classical wood preservation
Tar oil - creosote Waterborne - metal salts (CCA) Organic solvent (PCP) Other
Local preservation
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Classical wood preservation
Aim improving the durability
increasing the resistance against biological attack fungi insects
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Modification of wood
More Aims Improving the durability
increasing the resistance against biological attack
Improving dimensional stability Aesthetic properties – Colour Hardness Water repellent Combination with flame retardant
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Modification of wood
Improving the properties of wood by means of changing the molecules of wood
No addition of toxic components
Alteration of low-value-wood-species
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Improved wood properties High durability (fungi, insects) Reduced shrinkage and swelling UV-stability Strength properties (both + and -)
LOWER MAINTENANCE
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Definition of modified wood Thermal treatment of wood:
chemical modification of the cell wall as a result of (hydro) thermal treatment
(Chemical) Modification of wood: when a true transformation of the chemical
structure of cell wall material
Alternative treatments of wood: non toxicity lumina filling (resin) treatments cell wall filling (resin) treatments true modification of the cell wall
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Levels of modified wood
Lumina filling resin treatments Cell wall filling resin treatments True modification of the cell wall
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Cell wall
Cell lumen
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Mechanism of water uptake
cellulose
cellulose
OH
OH
OH
H
OH
OH
OH
H
OH
OH H
OOH
cellulose
cellulose
hydrogen bonds between two cellulose surfaces
hydrogen bonds between two cellulose surfaces and water
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Resin treatments
Filling lumina no penetrationof cell wall
Bulkingpenetration of cell wall cavities
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Modification the cell wall
Chemical alteration ofcell wall polymers
Substitution of OH-groups
Cross linking
Degradation of polymers (undesired)
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Thermal modification of wood
Wood exposed to high temperatures for long period
Dry or hydro thermal treatment - one or several treatment steps
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Thermally modification wood
Distinguishing different thermally treatment processes
! excluding oxygen
nitrogen burning gasses steam (water damp) vacuum oil (vegetable oils)
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A two steps process:1 hydro-thermolysis 165 °C - 185 °C
drying conventional2 curing 170 °C - 190 °C
1 2
Selectively reorganizing theSelectively reorganizing thechemistry of woodchemistry of wood
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin
CCCCrrrroooo ssss ssss lllliiiinnnnkkkkiiiinnnngggg
Water resistant
structure
RRRReeee aaaacccc ttttiiiivvvveeee iiiinnnntttteeee rrrrmmmmeeee ddddiiiiaaaatttteeee ssss IIII((((eeee ....gggg .... aaaallllddddeeee hhhhyyyyddddeeee ssss ))))
RRRReeee aaaacccc ttttiiiivvvveeee iiiinnnntttteeee rrrrmmmmeeee ddddiiiiaaaatttteeee ssss IIIIIIII
Cellulose
(hydro) Thermal treatmentexample: The Process Principle of the “Plato process”
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Oil Heat treatment (Menz) Increased temperature 180-220oC
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State of the Art Europe 2004 Processes
Plato (NL) Thermowood (SF) Perdure, NOW (F) Menz (D) AKBV (NL) Chalmers (S)
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State of the Art Europe 2004 Commercial treatment plants:
Thermowood (> 10 production sites) Plato (1 production site)
Menz NOW, Perdure (producing) Acetylation plant (blue print)
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Challenges
Up-scaling: equipment / knowledge high costs
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Challenges
Commercialisation: co-operation chemical process industry and
wood industry high investments costs demand / availability price of process public image / acceptance
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Utilisation of modified wood ?
Civil/waterworks Sheet piling Bridges Canal lining
Garden wood Sheds Fences Poles
Joinery Window frames Doors Cladding (Parquet) floors
(Garden) furniture
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More information The material in this presentation is partly delivered
by SHR (Centre for Timber Research), who are experts in wood modification and preservation in The Netherlands
For more information: www.shr.nl
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