Download - Tu Cong Dong Than Thep Chau Au Den Eu
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L I C H S I T - V A N H O A - X A H O I C H A U A U
T i l C O N G B O N G T H A N T H E P C H A U A U B E N E U - 2 7 :
Q U A T R I N H H O P N H A T C H A U A U N H I N T i f L I C H S L f
L i e n m i n h Chau A u (European U n i o n -
EU) v o i 27 quoc gia thanh vien la mot l ien
minh cua nhung y tuong, uoc m o va thanh
qua cua qua t r inh hoa giai , hop tac cua
nhung the he da tung song, tung doi dau, trai
qua hai cuoc chien tranh the g io i tan khoe
duoc bat dau t u chau A u trong nua dau the k i
X X . L i c h sir h inh thanh va phat tr ien cua
Lien m i n h Chau A u trai qua chang duong
dai, gan l ien v o i l i ch sir phat tr ien ciia chau
A u va the g io i t rong nira sau the k i X X va
thap nien dau the k i X X I .
1. Y t u o n g ve m o t chau A u h o p nha t
Y tuong ve mot chau A u hop nhat co
mot qua t r inh l i ch sir lau dai. Cac de che noi
tieng trong l i ch sir chau A u tir tho i co trung
dai den tho i can hien dai da tirng di ing chien
tranh va vu luc de thong nhat lanh tho cac
quoc gia tren luc dia chau A u va thiet lap su
thong t r i ciia minh . Ben canh do, m o uoc ve
mot chau A u hop nhat t rong hoa binh va hop
tac ci ing xuat hien tir rat som. Ngay tir the k i
X V I I I . Montesquieu da tirng noi den mot
chau A u nhu la "mot quoc gia bao gom
nhieu t inh" . Trong the k i X I X , cac nha van
P G S . T S . T r a n T h i V i n h
Khoa Sir - Dai hpc Swpham Hd Npi
Phap, Italia va Ba Lan da viet ve mot chau
A u hop nhat nhu mot giai phap de cham dirt
cac cuoc chien tranh, xung dot keo dai giua
cac quoc gia d chau A u . Dai van hao Phap
Vic to r Hugo da de cap den "mot quoc t ich
chau A u " cho cac cong dan ciia luc dia nay.
Thuat ngu " H o p chiing quoc Chau A u "
(Uni ted States o f Europe) da duoc cac chinh
t r i gia chau A u va ben ngoai chau A u de cap
den tir rat som. Sau Chien tranh the g io i t h u
Nhat, sang kien ve viec thanh lap mot l ien
m i n h toan chau A u de khang d inh su hoa giai
giua hai quoc gia Phap-Diic duoc de xuat.
N a m 1923, chinh t r i gia nguoi A o Richard
Coudenhove - Ka le rg i m o dau Phong trao
Thong nhat Chau A u (Pan - Europa
Mouvement) . Richard duoc cong nhan la
nguoi sang lap phong trao van dong cho mot
chau A u hop nhat t rong nhung nam sau
Chien tranh the g i o i t h u Nha t 1 .
David Sumler. A History of Europe in the 2(fh
Century. The Dorsey Press, Homewood, Illinois and Irwin-Dorsey Limited Georgetown, Ontario, 1973, tr. 276.
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4 4 NGHIEN CUTJ CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N 0 6 (129).2011
D u an chfnh thuc dau t ien cua viec
thanh lap L i e n hiep Chau A u gan l ien v o i ten
tuoi ciia Ar is t ide Br iand (1862-1932), Ngoa i
tracing Phap rihung nam 1925-1932 va
Gustav Stresemann (1878-1929), Ngoa i
t ruong D i i c t rong r ihung nam 1923-1929. Ca
hai duoc nhan giai thuong Nobe l Hoa b inh
nam 1926. Duoc su i ing ho ciia T h i i tuong
Phap luc bay g io la Edouar Heriot , Ngoai
t ruong Phap Br iand va nguoi dong nhiem
ciia m i n h 6 D i i c , Ngoa i t ruong Gustav
Stresemann da xay dung d u an ve viec thanh
lap L ien hiep Chau A u trong boi canh chau
A u trong thap nien 1920 dang tran tre hy
vong vao mot nen an n inh tap the sau chien
tranh. N a m 1929, Ngoa i t ruong Phap Br iand
da t r inh bay truoc H o i Quoc l ien d u an ve
viec thanh lap L i e n hiep Cac quoc gia Chau
A u (Federation o f European Nations) tren co
so su l ien ket va hop tac ciia cac quoc gia
chau A u ve k i n h te, ch inh t r i , xa ho i . Cac
chuyen gia k i n h te, t rong do co Jonh M .
Keynes, da i ing ho cho y tuong nay. Ngay
trong nam sau do, Ngoa i t ruong Phap Br iand
da hoan thanh Ban ghi nho (Memorandum)
ve viec to chiic he thong L i e n hiep Cac dan
toe Chau A u . N a m 1931, cuu T h i i tuong
Phap Edouar Herr io t (1872-1957) xuat ban
cuon sach v o i tua de "Hap chiing qudc chdu
Au", i ing ho cho d u an thanh lap mot L i e n
hiep Chau A u . Tuy nhien, nhung bien dong
ciia the g io i t rong nhung nam tiep theo, cuoc
dai suy thoai k i n h te the g io i bung no, su noi
2 John McCormick. The European Union: Politics and Policies. Westview Press. An member of the Perseus Books Group, Philadelphia, 2008, tr.26.
len ciia ch i i nghTa phat x i t va nguy co chien
tranh da khien cho d u an ve chau A u thong
nhat r o i vao quen lang.
Chien tranh the g i o i t h i i Ha i ket thiic da
de lai mot chau A u hoang tan, do nat va sau
do b i chia cat thanh hai phan D o n g va Tay ke
t u k h i bat dau cuoc Chien tranh Lanh. Chau
A u mang mot dien mao chinh t r i m o i cung
v o i nhung han th i i g iua cac dan toe sau cuoc
chien tranh Ion nhat t rong l i ch su nhan loai.
Lan dau t ien sau nhieu the k i , chau A u khong
con la t rung t a m quyen luc ciia the g i o i va
tham ch i con t r o nen phu thuoc vao cuong
quoc ben ngoa i . T r o n g b o i canh do, y
t u o n g hoa g ia i han t hu , gan ket cac dan toe
v i su phuc h o i va h u n g th inh ciia chau A u
lai t ro i day.
T h i i t uong A n h W . Church i l l la mot
trong so cac ch inh khach chau A u i ing ho
cho viec thanh lap H o p chi ing quoc Chau A u
n h u mot phuong t ien de g in g i u hoa binh va
an n inh chau A u . Ngay tir nam 1930, trong
bai viet no i t ieng dang tren tap chi Saturday
Evening Post ngay 15-2, Church i l l lap luan
rang, viec thanh lap mot cong dong chau A u
thong nhat la dieu co the thuc hien duoc tren
co so su hop tac ciia cac quoc gia 6 chau A u
luc dia. Sau do, C h u r c h i l l da soan thao mot
Ban ghi nho ve H o p chi ing quoc Chau A u
nhu mot phuong t ien de g i u g in hoa binh va
an n inh chau A u . Ngay sau k h i Chien tranh
the g i o i t h i i Ha i ket thi ic , t rong bai phat bieu
tai t ruong D a i hoc Z u r i c h (Thuy ST) nam
1946, T h i i t uong A n h Church i l l mot lan nua
keu goi viec thanh lao mot "eia dinh rhau
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(7uJ &p4iQ (Tfhirj \/lian &hcfi.... 4 5
A u thong nhat", mot "Chau A u H o p chung
quoc" de k i e n tao hoa b inh , an n i n h va
th inh v u o n g 6 chau A u . Ong cung dua ra
de nghi ve viec thanh lap H o i dong Chau
A u (Counc i l o f Europe) t rong bai phat bieu
cua m i n h 3 .
Cac nha lanh dao chau A u luc nay cung
nhan thuc duoc su can thiet cua viec thanh
lap H o i dong Chau A u n h u mot buoc k h d i
dau cho qua t r inh hop nhat chau A u . N h a m
muc tieu do, nam 1948, cac chinh t r i gia va
nhung nha nghien cuu hang dau chau A u da
tien hanh mot cuoc hoi thao tai Hague, Ha
Lan de thao luan ve viec thanh lap H o i dong
Chau A u . Ngay 5-5-1949, H o i ddng Chau
A u chinh thuc thanh lap v o i su tham gia cua
10 nuoc chau A u thong qua viec ky ket Hiep
uoc London. M u c t ieu hoat dong cua H o i
dong Chau A u nham vao viec bao ve nen
dan chu va nhan quyen theo nhung gi da
duoc xac d inh trong Cong uoc Chau A u . H o i
dong Chau A u bao gom 10 nuoc sang lap:
B i , Dan Mach , Phap, Ireland, Italia,
Luxembourg, Ha Lan, N a U y , Thuy Dien,
A n h va cac nuoc tham gia sau do, dua tong
so len to i 47 thanh vien t inh den nay. H o i
dong Chau A u la mot to chuc ngoai L ien
minh Chau A u ( E U ) , danh sach cac nuoc
thanh vien H o i dong Chau A u khong hoan
toan giong cac nuoc thanh v ien E U va hoat
dong cung khong giong nhau. Tuy nhien, cac
hoat dong duoc phoi hop v o i nhau nham
3 John McCormick. The European Union: Politics and Policies. Sdd, tr.28.
muc t ieu duy t r i hoa b inh , dan chu va nhan
quyen d chau A u .
2. C o n g d d n g T h a n T h e p C h a u A u -
nen m o n g d a u t i en cua qua t r i n h h o p nha t
chau A u
Y tudng thanh lap Cong dong Than
Thep Chau A u gan l ien v d i ten tuoi cua Jean
Monnet (1888-1979), chinh t r i gia ngud i
Phap, ngudi dung dau H o i dong Ke hoach
k inh te Phap sau Chien tranh the g id i t h u
Hai . Ngay tir nam 1943, kh i con la thanh
vien cua U y ban Gia i phong dan toe thuoc
Chinh phu Phap T u do, Monnet da xay dung
mot ke hoach ve tuong lai cua chau A u hop
nhat sau chien tranh. N a m 1949, xuat phat tir
quan diem cho rang, d iem mau chot tao nen
su cang thang t rong quan he giua Phap va
Due bat dau tir van de k i e m soat vung Ruhr,
v i ing cong nghiep than, thep quan trong d
chau A u , Monne t de xuat mot ke hoach hop
tac giua hai nude de k i e m che mau thuan,
tranh nguy co bung phat chien tranh. Y
tudng cua Monnet da nhan duoc su ung ho
ciia Ngoa i t rudng Phap luc do la Robert
Schuman (1886-1963). K e hoach hop tac
giua hai nude mang ten Schuman duoc soan
thao. Ngay 9-5-1950, Ngoa i t rudng
Schuman, duoc su dong y ciia T h i i tudng
Cong hoa L i e n bang D i i c Kondrad
Adenauer, da long t rong doc Tuyen bo ve
Sang kien hoa giai giua hai nude lang gieng
th i i d ich va viec thanh lap mot co chd hop tac
giua Phap va D i i c t rong nganh cong nghiep
than va thep, n h u mot nguon luc chi i yeu cho
cong cuoc tai thiet dat nude sau chien tranh.
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NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N 0 6 (129).2011 4 6
Tuyen bo Schuman da m a duang cho viec
thanh lap Cong dong Than Thep Chau A u
nam 1951.
Ngay 18-4-1951, Hiep uac Paris gom
100 dieu khoan dugc k y ket v a i noi dung
thanh lap Cong dong Than Thep Chau A u
(European Coal and Steel Communi ty -
ECSC) v o i su tham gia ciia sau nuac chau
A u : Phap, Tay D i i c , I tal ia, B i , Ha Lan,
Luxembourg. ECSC chinh thiic hoat dong t u
thang 8-1952 v a i 4 ca quan chuc nang chinh
la U y ban T o i cao ( H i g h Au tho r i t y ) bao gom
dai dien cao nhat ciia cac nuoc thanh vien,
H o i dong cap Bo t ruong (Counci l o f
Ministers) , H o i nghi Toan the (Common
Assembly) va H o i dong Phap luat (Court o f
Justice). Cac nuoc thanh vien tham gia se co
mot th i t ruong chung ve than va thep dat
duoi su k i em soat ciia U y ban T o i cao ( H i g h
Author i ty ) , Monnet la Ch i i t i ch dau tien ciia
U y ban nay. M u c t ieu ciia ECSC la tao ra
mot ca che hop tac chung nham thiic day san
xuat phat tr ien, tang them viec lam, nang cao
miic song nguai dan va m a rong su hop tac
giua cac nuac thanh vien. T h i t ruong than
chung da dugc m o ngay 10-2-1953 va sau do
thi t ruong thep chung m d ciia ngay 1-5-
1953. M y la nuac dau t ien cong nhan ECSC
(8-1952) va m o van phong dai dien hop tac
ciia m i n h a Brussels. De doi la i , Monnet da
m o van phong dai dien dau t ien ciia ECSC 6
th i i do Washington D .C .
Viec thanh lap ECSC da co tac dong
dang ke doi v a i su phat t r ien k inh te va
thuong mai cua cac quoc gia thanh vien va
chau A u no i chung. T h u o n g mai giua cac
nuoc tang gap 10 lan Uong thap nien 1950
do viec do bo cac hang rao thue quan, gia
thanh ha va tiet k i e m chi ph i san xuat 4 . Viec
U y ban T o i cao t r g giup tai chinh cho cac mo
than da tao them 100 nghin viec lam moi ,
giai quyet van nan that nghiep sau chien
tranh va nang cao m i i c song nguo i dan. Mac
du ECSC con chua dat dugc mot so muc tieu
de ra nhu ngan chan anh huong ciia cac doc
quyen than thep Ion t rong viec d inh doat gia
ca th i t ruong , cung n h u chua hoach dinh
dugc mot chuong t r i nh phat t r ien nang luong
thich hop, nhung ve ca ban, su thanh lap to
chuc nay la mot buoc dot pha trong tien trinh
hop nhat chau A u .
ECSC la to chuc quoc te dau tien tren
the g io i dugc thanh lap dua tren nguyen tac
ciia chu nghia sieu quoc gia
(supranationalism) va san sang m o ciia cho
su tham gia ciia cac nuac chau A u khac. Su
thanh lap ECSC tao ra mot chuyen bien
mang t inh each mang trong t ien t r inh hop
nhat chau A u , b o i v i cho den tha i diem nay,
l i ch su the g i a i con chua chung kien su ton
tai mot mo h i n h hop tac quoc te nao dua tren
co so viec chuyen giao mot phan chi i quyen
quoc gia cho mot the che sieu quoc gia. Sir
4 David Sumler. A History of Europe in the 20,h
Century. The Dorsey Press, Homewood, Illinois and Irwin-Dorsey Limited Georgetown, Ontario, 1973, tr. 289.
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thanh lap ECSC co tac dong chinh t r i - xa
hoi to Ion trong viec tao dung mot chau A u
hoa giai , hop tac va hoa binh. Y tuong thanh
lap ECSC cua Monne t va Schuman bat dau A
sir hop tac giua cac nuoc chau A u t u mot
ITnh vuc cu the se la k h o i nguon cho mot su
hop tac a cap do cao hon, tren rihung ITnh
vuc rong Ion hon va cuoi cung se dua den
mot chau A u hop nhat nhu m o uoc ciia
nhung the he t ien boi t rong l i ch su chau A u .
Trong y nghia do, Monne t va Schuman duoc
danh gia la nhung kien tn ic su dau t ien ciia
Lien m i n h Chau A u .
3. T i r H i e p udc Paris den cac H i e p
uoc R o m a : qua t r i n h t h a n h lap C o n g
ddng K i n h te C h a u A u ( E E C ) va C o n g
dong N a n g l u o n g nguyen t i r C h a u A u
( E A E C )
Sau kh i Cong dong Than Thep chau A u
thanh lap, cac nuac thanh v ien tiep tuc day
manh va m a rong qua t r inh hop tac tren cac
ITnh vuc an n inh va chinh t r i . Ngay 27-5-
1952, Cong dong Phong th i i Chau A u
(European Defence Communi ty - E D C )
dugc thanh lap v a i muc tieu thiet lap quan he
hgp tac an n inh quoc phong giua cac nuoc
chau A u va tao dieu k ien de cac nuoc thanh
vien co the k i em soat Tay Di i c ve quan su
trong he thong phong th i i chung ciia chau
A u . Dong tha i , d u an ve viec thanh lap Cong
dong Chinh t r j Chau A u (European Poli t ical
Communi ty - EPC) cung dugc cong bo. Tuy
nhien, su k ien Quoc hoi Phap bac bo viec
nude Phap tham gia E D C vao nam 1954
cung nhu d u an thanh lap EPC da khien cho
ca hai ke hoach deu khong dugc thuc t h i .
Dong tha i , de phan do i cac d u an nay, Jean
Monnet , dai dien ciia nuac Phap tai U y ban
T d i cao ECSC da t u chuc Chu t i ch ECSC va
chuyen sang viec thiet ke cac d u an thiet lap
cac cong dong khac dua tren nen tang k i n h
te. That bai ciia viec thanh lap Cong dong
Phong th i i Chau A u cung nhu d u an day
tham vong ve viec thanh lap Cong dong
Chinh t r i Chau A u cho thay nhung y tuong
dua chau A u d i qua xa trong tha i d iem chua
thich hop se khong the t ra thanh hien thuc.
Trong thap nien 1950, nhung sir k ien
Ion ciia t inh h inh the g ia i va khu vuc, co l ien r ' A
quan den hai cuong quoc d chau A u la Phap
va A n h , da t r d thanh nhung tac nhan quan
trong doi v d i qua t r inh hop nhat chau A u .
Trong so do can phai ke den hai cuoc khi ing
hoang da lam thay doi chau A u : that bai ciia
thuc dan Phap d Dong D u o n g (1954) va
cuoc khi ing hoang kenh dao Suez d A i Cap
(1956). Trong sir k ien t h i i nhat, chidn t h i n g
Dien Bien Phii ciia nhan dan Vie t N a m (5-
1954) da kdt thiic cuoc chidn tranh D o n g
D u o n g v d i that bai ciia quan do i v ien chinh
Phap. Sau D i e n B ien Phii , phong trao giai
phong dan toe lan toa nhanh chong nhu mot
phan ung day chuyen bao hieu sir sup do
khong the cuu van noi ciia thuc dan Phap. Su
suy giam uy t i n va nhung kho khan ciia Phap
sau k h i mat D o n g D u o n g da tao ra ca hoi co
mot khong hai cho su hien dien ciia M y d
khu vuc D o n g N a m A .
Hai nam sau, t rong sir k ien t h i i hai, ket
cue ciia cuoc kh i ing hoang kenh dao Suez
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4 8 NGHIEN Ct fU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N 0 6 (129).2011
nam 1956 eta l am thay do i can can quyen luc
a Trung Dong , kh ien cho A n h mat d i vai tro
ciia mot cuong quoc hang dau the g i o i t rong
viec giai quyet cac van de quoc te. K e n h dao
Suez, noi l ien B ien D o va D i a Trung H a i , la
con duong hang hai co v i t r i chien luoc
khong the thay the ca ve giao thuong lan
quan su nam tren lanh tho A i Cap. T u sau
kh i kenh dao Suez khanh thanh nam 1869,
A n h va Phap nam quyen khai thac kenh dao
huyet mach nay va thu ve nhung m o n l o i
khong 16. Chinh v i vay, quyet d inh quoc huu
hoa kenh dao Suez ciia Chinh phu A i Cap
Nasser thang 7-1956 da khien cho A n h va
Phap bat b inh. De tra dtia, A n h va Phap
khong chi ho t r g cho Israel tan cong A i Cap
(10-1956) ma con dua quan vao chiem dong,
thiet lap v i ing dem 16 k m a khu vuc kenh
dao. Viec L ien X o dung ve phia Chinh phi i
Nasser va de doa tham chien da khien cho
cuoc khi ing hoang kenh dao t ro nen nghiem
trong. D u o i ap luc ciia L i e n hop quoc va M y ,
nguy co bung no xung dot giua hai phe da
dugc ngan chan. T u y nhien, cuoc khi ing
hoang da giang mot don manh vao nhung
tham vong va uy t i n ciia A n h va Phap 6
Trung Dong, m o duong cho M y dam nhan
mot v i t r i noi bat t rong k h u vuc mang tam
quan trong chien luge tren the g io i .
N h u n g gi dien ra 6 D o n g D u o n g va
kenh dao Suez da khien cho Phap lo ngai
hon luc nao het ve su m o rong anh huong
ciia M y cung n h u nhan thi ic ro hon ve tain
quan trong ciia mot chau A u hop nhat va doc
lap de doi pho v o i M y . D o i v o i A r m , cuoc
khi ing hoang kenh dao Suez da tac dong
khong nho den ch inh sach do i ngoai ciia
nuoc nay. T i r cho tap t rung nhieu vao cac
khu vuc t ruyen thong n h u Austral ia , Canada
va N e w Zealand, A n h bat dau tang cuong xu
the huong ve chau A u luc dia. Cuoc khiing
hoang kenh dao Suez da tac dong t ich cue
den qua t r i nh hop tac chau A u va khong co
gi dang ngac nhien k h i cac Hiep uoc Roma
dugc ky ket nam 1957.
N h a m muc d ich tang cuong su hgp tac / A
k i n h te giua cac nuoc chau A u , trong cuoc
gap ciia ngoai t r uong 6 nuoc thanh vien
ECSC tai H o i nghi Messina (I tal ia) thang 6-
1955, cac ben da thong nhat ve ke hoach
phat t r ien mot the che chung trong mot lien
m i n h thue quan, thiet lap mot th i truong
chung cho cac nuoc chau A u tren co so su
dong thuan va v i nhirng l g i ich k inh te
chung. M o t uy ban t ru b i cho viec thuc hien
ke hoach nay dugc thanh lap, d img dau la
Ngoa i t ruong B i Paul-Henri Spaak (1899-
1972). U y ban Spaak da t ien hanh cac buoc
d i can thiet de xay dung mot bao cao hoan
chinh, dugc goi la Bao cao Spaak, tao co so
cho cac vong dam phan giua cac nuoc ve
mot th i t ruong chung. Ci ing v o i su dong gop
ciia nha k i n h te hoc Thuy D i e n Ber t in Ohl in
(1899-1979), cac van ban nen tang cho viec
xay dung mot l ien m i n h thue quan (customs
union) va mot th i t ruong chung da dugc soan
thao. N a m 1956, d u o i su dieu hanh ciia
Ngoa i t ruong Spaak, H o i nghi l ien Chinh
phi i ciia sau nuoc thanh v ien ECSC dien ra
tai lau dai V a i Duchesse ( B i ) da ban thao v
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(Jit (&}4Uf. (T()4iq (Jkan ( J h d f i . . 4 9
nhurig noi dung cu the chuan b i cho viec ky
ket hai Hiep uac Roma vao ngay 25-3-1957,
thanh lap Cong dong K i n h te Chau A u
(European Economic Communi ty - EEC) va
Cong dong Nang lugng Nguyen tir Chau A u
(European A t o m i c Energy- E A E C hoac
Euratom). V a i nhung dong gop mang t inh
nen tang cho viec h inh thanh EEC, Spaak
dugc v inh danh la mot trong so nhung ngudi
co cong lao sang lap L ien m i n h Chau A u
ngay nay.
Sau kh i cac Hiep udc Roma co hieu luc,
tren thirc te da ton tai ba cong dong chau A u :
Cong dong Than Thep, Cong dong K i n h te
va Cong dong Nang lugng nguyen tir. Ve the
che, Cong dong K i n h te Chau A u va Cong
dong Nang lugng nguyen tir Chau A u bao
gom cac ca quan chirc nang ca ban ciia Cong
dong Than Thep Chau A u nhu U y ban T o i
cao, H o i dong Bo t rudng , H o i nghi Toan the
va H o i dong Phap luat. U y ban T o i cao va
Hoi dong Bo t rudng dugc m d rong ve so
lugng cac thanh v ien va co quyen luc l dn
han trudc. H o i nghi Toan the dugc thay the
bang H o i nghi Quoc hoi (Parliamentary
Assembly - A P ) , v d i sir tham gia ciia 142 dai
bieu den tir cac nude thanh vien. N a m 1962,
Hoi nghi Quoc hoi dugc doi ten thanh Quoc
hoi Chau A u (European Parliament). H o i
dong Luat phap ci ing dugc m d rong, bao
gom cac tham phan den tir cac nude thanh
vien va hoat dong t rong nhiem ky sau nam.
Tuy nhien, viec tang cuong quyen luc cho
cac co quan dieu hanh da khien cho Chinh
phi i Phap e ngai va t i m each han che quyen
lire sieu quoc gia ciia cac to chuc nay, v d i
mong muon cac cong dong chau A u se phat
tr ien theo hudng t rd thanh cac to chuc l ien
chinh ph i i nhieu han la mot to chuc sieu
quoc gia.
4. Q u a t r i n h m d r o n g cac cong d o n g
chau A u
Ci ing v d i Cong dong Than Thep, su
thanh lap EEC va E A E C da thiic day k i n h t l
va thuong mai cac nude thanh vien phat
tr ien. Cong dong K i n h te Chau A u nhanh
chong m d rong cac hoat dong ciia m i n h va
t r d thanh cong dong quan trong nhat t rong
cac cong dong chau A u . Mac d i i viec xay
dung mot th i t rudng chung chau A u da
khong dugc thuc hien di ing thd i han 12 nam
nhu Hiep udc Roma quy dinh, nhung viec do
bo cac hang rao thue quan mot each nhanh
chong da cho phep sau nude thanh v ien
(Phap, Tay D i i c , I tal ia, B i , Ha Lan,
Luxembourg) ciia EEC tidn t d i ky ket mot
hiep udc l ien m i n h ve thue quan vao thang 7-
1968, dong thd i cac han ngach vd xudt khdu
hang cong nghiep ci ing dugc d d bo. N h d do,
san xuat cong nghiep cung nhu thuong mai
giua cac nude thanh vien tang len nhanh
chong. Thuong mai noi khd i EEC tang gdp
ba lan so v d i thuong mai giua cac nude EEC
v d i ben ngoai t rong nhirng nam 1958-1965.
Toe do tang t rudng ciia san xudt cong nghiep
ciia sau nude thanh v ien dat mi ic trung b inh
5,7%, mi ic tang thu nhap quoc dan binh quan
dau ngudi tang 4 ,5% trong thap nien 1960 va
dau thap nien 1970. Ve nong nghiep, viec
thuc hien chinh sach nong nghiep chung tir
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5 0 NGHIEN CU"U CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N 0 6 (129).2011
nam 1968. t rong do co mure gia chung cho
cac san pham nong nghiep. da thuc day san
xuat nong nghiep phat tr ien. Cac nha k i n h te
hoc cho rang, day la " tha i ky tang t ruong
vang"' cua cac nuac EEC.
Su phat tr ien va m a rong quan he hap
tdc giua cac nuac thanh vien da dat ra nhu
cau hop nhat cac cong dong chau A u trong
mot thiet che chung. Sau qua t r inh dam phan,
cac nuac thanh vien da t ien hanh k y ket Hiep
uoc Hop nhat (Merger Treaty) hay con goi la
Hiep uoc Brussels ngay 8-4-1965. Hiep uac
Hop nhat co hieu luc tir ngay 1-7-1967, theo
do, ba cong dong ECSC. E A E C va EEC hop
nhat trong mot thiet che dieu harm chung cua
cac cong dong chau A u (European
Communit ies) . U y ban EEC va H o i dong
EEC se tro thanh ca quan dieu hanh chung
cua ca ba cong dong. Viec ky ket Hiep uac
Hop nhat da danh dau mot buoc t ien m a i cua
qua t r inh hop tac chau A u . Mac d i i cac cong
dong chau A u van tiep tuc ton tai nhu nhirng
to chuc doc lap hop phap. nhung viec ci ing
nhau chia se mot ca quan thiet che chung da
tao dieu kien thong nhat hanh dong v i muc
tieu chung la day manh qua t r inh hop tac va
hoi nhap ciia cac thanh v ien tren cac ITnh vuc
khac nhau. Tren thuc te. cac cong dong chau
A u con tiep tuc ton tai t rong l ich sir phat
trien ciia qua t r inh hop nhat chau A u nhu
mot trong ba t ru cot ciia E U ngay nay (hai
tru cot con lai ciia E U la Chinh sach D o i
ngoai va Chinh sach A n ninh chung
(Common Foreign and Security Pol icy) .
Cong ddng Than Thep (ECSC) chi giai the
vao nam 2002, Cong ddng K i n h te Chau A u
(EEC) dugc thay the bang Cong dong Chau
A u (EC) nam 1993.
Tuy nhien, con duong phat t r ien ciia cac
cong dong chau A u t rong buoi ban dau cung
khong hoan toan em a. T rong tha i gian nay,
cac nuoc thanh v ien phai doi mat v o i "cuoc
khi ing hoang ghe t r ong" ("the empty chair
crisis") dien ra tir thang 6-1965 den thang 1-
1966. Cuoc kh i ing hoang bat nguon tir rihung
bat dong xung quanh viec thuc hien cac bien
phap tai t r g cho Ch inh sach N o n g nghiep
chung ( C o m m o n Agr icu l tu re Pol icy - CAP)
giua Chinh ph i i ciia T h i i tuong Phap Charles
De Gaulle (1874-1970) vcri cac nuoc thanh
vien EEC. Cac dai dien ciia Phap da phan
ung bang each khong tham gia bat c i i cuoc
hop nao va n i t ra k h o i cac co quan dieu hanh
EEC, gay nen cuoc k h i m g hoang Ion nhat
trong l i c h sir phat t r ien ciia cac cong dong
chau A u . Cuoc kh i ing hoang cho thay chii
nghTa dan toe va nhung mau thuan ve l g i ich
dan toe la nhirng rao can cho qua t r inh ma
rong hap tac chau A u . Cuoc kh i ing hoang chi
ket thiic k h i Thoa uoc Lucxembourg ( 1 -
1966) giua sau nuoc dugc k y ket, theo do
cac nuoc thanh v ien dugc su dung quyen phii
quyet de bao ve l g i i ch quoc gia. Viec ky ket
thoa uoc nay, tren thuc te, da han chd quydn
luc ciia U y ban EEC va tang them quydn luc
cho nhung thanh v ien ciia H o i dong EEC.
Qua t r inh ho i nhap ciia cac nuoc chau
A u ve co ban khong vap phai su can t ra nao
-
(Jit Q&nq, itatiu (JIUJUL ( J f a ' f i . . 5 1
tu phia M y . Viec M y thuc th i K hoach
Marshall nham tai thiet chau A u sau chien
tranh va thanh lap To chuc Hiep uac Phong
thu Bac Dai Tay D u o n g ( N A T O ) nam 1949
da tao ra nhung co so thuan l o i cho qua t r inh
hoi nhap cua chau A u . Tham chi , nam 1962,
Tong thong M y John F. Kennedy con bay to
thien chi kh i nh in nhan su hop tac cua chau
A u va i "n iem hy vong va su nguong m o " 5 .
Ve hinh thuc, M y coi EEC nhu mot doi tac
binh dang va t iem nang. Dong tha i , M y con
hy vong su hoi nhap cua Tay Due vao mot
EEC lan manh se gay ra ap luc lan cho Dong
Due va Lien X o trong boi canh Chien tranh
Lanh dang tiep dien. Tuy nhien, tren thuc te,
sir noi len cua mot chau A u hop nhat cung
tao ra ap lire canh tranh ve k i n h te - thuong
mai cung nhu chinh t r i doi v o i M y .
Ve phan minh , mac du con le thuoc vao
M y ve k inh te va chinh t r i , cac nuoc EEC to
ra khong ung ho M y trong viec M y tham gia
Chien tranh Tr ieu T ien (1950-1953), trong
each thuc giai quyet cuoc khi ing hoang ten
li ia 6 Cuba v o i L i e n X o nam 1962 bo qua vai
tro ciia EEC, t rong viec t ien hanh leo thang
va m o rong chien tranh 6 Vie t N a m trong
thap nien 1960, cung nhu viec chinh quyen
N i x o n tuyen bo tha noi dong dola M y nam
1971, gay kho khan cho thuong mai chau A u
va the g io i . Viec M y co nhung quyet dinh
5 John McCormick. The European Union: Politics and Policies. Westview Press. An member of the Perseus Books Group, Philadelphia, 2008, tr. 125.
chien luge khong can bao truoc cho cac
nuoc thanh v ien EEC, tham chi cho ca
nhung lanh dao than M y ciia EEC, da gop
phan thiic day cac nuoc chau A u tang cuong
qua t r inh l ien ket de co tieng noi chung, co
trong lugng hon tren t ruong quoc te trong
viec bao ve l g i ich ciia chinh minh .
Sau k h i A n h va cac nuoc Dan Mach ,
Ireland, N a U y nop don x i n gia nhap EEC
nam 1967, cac cuoc thuong luong dugc tien
hanh ke tir nam 1969, k h i Tong thong
Georges Pompidou (1911-1974) len cam
quyen a Phap. Sau cac cuoc dam phan, don
x i n gia nhap EEC lan t h i i ba ciia A n h da
dugc chap thuan ci ing v o i cac nuoc Dan
Mach , Ireland va N a U y . Trong cuoc thuong
thuyet keo dai 12 g io dong ho v o i T h i i tuong
A n h Edward Heath (1916-2005), T6ng th6ng
Phap Pompidou cho rang viec chap thuan
nuoc A n h cung nhu cac quoc gia khac gia
nhap EEC xuat phat tir l g i ich khong chi ciia
rieng nuac nao ma la v i l g i ich ciia toan chau
A u . Sau k h i cac hiep uoc gia nhap dugc ky
ket, thang 1-1973, A n h , Dan M a c h va
Ireland chinh thi ic t ro thanh thanh vien ciia
EEC (ngoai t r i r N a U y k h o n g gia nhap do
n g u a i dan bo ph ieu chong t rong cuoc
t r u n g cau dan y thang 9-1972) . D o t m o
rong E E C lan t h u nhat v o i khong it nhung
trac t ro, cuoi c i ing da hoan tat, dua EEC-6
t ro thanh EEC-9.
D o t m o rong EEC lan t hu hai va lan t h i i
ba dien ra vao thap nien 1980, huong vao cac
quoc gia 6 khu vuc N a m A u bao gom H y
Lap, Bo Dao Nha va Tay Ban Nha. Trong
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5 2 NGHIEN CDU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N 0 6 (129).2011
cto, H y Lap la nuac da co y d inh tham gia
EEC ngay t u thap nien 1950. Tuy nhien, do
nen k inh te H y Lap con a muc kem phat
trien so v a i cac nuac Tay A u va dac biet la
nhung bat 6n ve chinh t r i dan t a i cuoc dao
chinh quan su thang 4-1967 da ngan can qua
t r inh hoi nhap chau A u cua nuac nay. Sau
khi chinh phu dan su t ra lai cam quyen nam
1974, H y Lap nop dan x i n gia nhap EEC.
Truac su lo ngai cua U y ban EEC ve viec
nen k inh ie H y Lap con qua yeu, Chinh phu
H y Lap cam ket vuc day nen k inh te cung
v o i viec thuc day qua t r inh dan chu hoa. Qua
tr inh dam phan gia nhap bat dau t u nam 1976
va den thang 1-1981, H y Lap chinh thuc t ra
thanh thanh vien t h u 10 cua EEC.
Bo Dao Nha va Tay Ban Nha da bat dau
kha i dong qua t r inh hoi nhap chau A u t u
nam 1962. Tuy nhien, che do doc tai ton tai
a ca hai nuoc neu tren da can t ra qua t r inh
gia nhap EEC cua ho. Mac du Hiep uac
Roma khang dinh, bat cu quoc gia nao a
chau A u co nguyen vong deu co the t ra
thanh thanh vien cua EEC, tuy nhien, tren
thuc te, nen dan chu la dieu kien t ien quyet
de gia nhap EEC. Chi sau kh i che do
Caetano a Bo Dao Nha sup do nam 1974 va
sau cai chet cua Franco a Tay Ban Nha nam
1975, dan x i n gia nhap EEC cua hai nuac
m a i chinh thuc dugc xem xet. Bat chap
nhung kho khan ve k i n h te cua Bo Dao Nha
va Tay Ban Nha cung nhu x u huong d i
chuyen cua luc luong lao dong o hai nuac ve
Tay A u de k i e m viec lam, EEC da chap
thuan don x i n gia nhap cua hai nuoc nay.
Cac nha lanh dao U y ban EEC hy vong rang,
v o i viec t ra thanh thanh v ien EEC, Bo Dao
Nha va Tay Ban N h a se co dieu k ien de thuc
day nen dan chu, 6n d inh k i n h te va x i ch lai
gan hon v o i Tay A u va N A T O . Cac cuoc
dam phan gia nhap dugc bat dau nam 1978
v a i B 6 Dao N h a va nam 1979 v o i Tay Ban
Nha. N a m 1986, hai nuac chinh thiic gia
nhap EEC, dua tong so thanh vien EEC len
12 nuac.
Viec nhan do i so l uong thanh vien da
khien EEC t ro thanh mot kho i k i n h te lan
nhat tren the g i o i , co anh huong k inh te va
chinh t r i ngay cang Ion tren t ruong quoc te.
N a m 1990, sau k h i b i ic tuong Ber l in sup do,
lanh tho ciia EEC dugc m o rong do ket qua
cua qua t r inh thong nhat nuac D i i c . Ci ing vai
viec thiic day k i n h te va thuong mai phat
tr ien, t rong tha i gian nay EEC chi i t rong vao
viec tao dieu k ien cho viec thu hep khoang
each phat t r ien k i n h te giua cac nuoc chau
A u , tao co ho i cho cac nuoc ngheo d khu
vuc D i a T r u n g H a i ho i nhap va phat trien
trong nen k i n h te toan cau. Hang loat cac du
an cai thien ket cau ha tang, ho t r g viec lam
dugc thuc hien nham muc tieu huong ta i su
phat t r ien can bang ve k i n h te giua 12 nuac
thanh vien. D o n g tha i , EEC da tien hanh
cuoc bau c i i N g h i v ien true tiep dau tien nam
1979 v o i 410 dai bieu dugc lua chon t u cac
nuoc thanh vien . Ch i i t i ch N g h i v ien dau tien
ciia EEC la ba Simone V e i l , chinh t r i gia,
luat su, dong tha i la Bo t ruong Y te Phap.
N h a m huong to i su m d rong hop tac da
dien ciia cac quoc gia thanh vien, thang 2-
-
c7' (&}41U it04lQ (JIlXUL (Th/fL... 53
1986, Dao luat chung Chau A u (Single
European A c t - S E A ) dugc ky ket tai
Luxembourg va bat dau co hieu luc t u thang
7-1987. N o i dung ciia SEA tap trung vao
muc t ieu hoan thanh viec xay dung mot th i
truong chung trong tho i han cuoi cung la
ngay 31-12-1992, dong tho i cac nuoc thong
nhat ve van de cai each the che, m o rong su
hop tac tren cac l i nh vuc m o i t ruong, nghien
cuu va phat tr ien cung n h u cac van de ve
chinh sach khu vuc. Dao luat chung chau A u
dua ra nhung quy d inh m o i ve cuoc hop cap
cao ciia dai dien chinh phi i cac nuoc thanh
vien cung v o i H o i dong Chau A u , ve viec
tang cuong hop tac t rong chinh sach doi
ngoai, tang them quyen lire cho Toa an Chau
A u cung nhu hang loat nhung quy dinh ve
viec xoa bo chii nghia bao ho mau dich, ve
hai quan, ngan hang, v ien thong. . . Dao luat
nay danh dau mot buoc t ien m o i ve mat the
che trong qua t r inh hop nhat chau A u nham
xay dung mot kho i k i n h te, mot thi t ruong
chung Ion nhat the g i o i . SEA da dat nen
mong quan trong cho viec k y ket Hiep uoc
Maastricht nam 1992.
Nhung thanh t uu ciia qua t r inh m o rong
hgp tac chau A u co phan dong gop dang ke
cua nhung nguo i cheo lai cac co quan trong
bo may lanh dao, dac biet la vai tro cua
Jacques Delors, nguyen Bo t ruong Tai chinh
Phap, Chi i t ich U y ban EEC trong ba nhiem
ky vao nhung nam 1985-1994. D u o i su dieu
hanh ciia ong, U y ban Delors da tien hanh
nhung buoc di quan trong t rong viec cai each
the che, xi ic t ien viec ky ket va thuc thi Dao
luat chung Chau A u , de xuat viec thuc hien
dong t ien chung chau A u va thuc hien hang
loat rihung cuoc dam phan ve viec m o rong
hop tac da dien giua cac nuoc thanh vien.
Jacques Delors la mot trong so nhung Chi i
t ich H o i dong Chau A u thanh cong nhat, ong
dugc coi la mot trong nhung nguoi sang lap
ra dong Euro va la bieu tugng cho qua t r inh
l ien ket chau A u trong thap nien 1980.
5. T i r C o n g d o n g C h a u A u den L i e n
m i n h C h a u A u (EU-27 )
Tren nen tang ciia Dao luat chung Chau
A u , ngay 7-2-1992, Hiep uoc Maastricht
(con dugc goi la Hiep uoc ve L ien m i n h
Chau A u - Treaty on E U , T E U ) dugc k y ket
tai Ha Lan sau qua t r inh dam phan giua cac
nuoc thanh vien duo i su dieu hanh ciia U y
ban Delors. M u c t ieu chu yeu ciia Hiep uoc
Maastricht la m o rong qua t r inh hop nhat
chau A u , t ien t o i thanh lap L ien m i n h Chau
A u ( E U ) tren co so l ien m i n h k i n h te - t ien te
v o i dong t ien chung (Euro) va l ien m i n h
chinh t r i bao gom viec thuc hien mot chinh
sach doi ngoai chung va an ninh chung. Hiep
uoc Maastricht lan dau t ien chi ra ba t ru cot
(three pil lars) ciia L i e n m i n h Chau A u , do la:
- Tru cot thu nhdt: Cong dong Chau
A u (EC) , la sir tiep tuc cua Cong dong K i n h
te Chau A u (EEC) , nhung tir " k i n h te" dugc
loai bo de the hien sir hgp tac da dien tren
cac ITnh vuc k i n h te, xa hoi va mo i t ruong
giua cac nuoc thanh vien.
- Tru cot thu hai: Chinh sach D o i
ngoai va A n n inh chung ( C o m m o n Foreign
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5 4 NGHIEN CU*U CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N 0 6 (129).2011
and Security Pol icy - CFSP) bao gom sir
phoi hop trong viec hoach d inh va thirc th i
chinh sach doi ngoai va an n inh cua cac nuac
thanh vien tren ca sd bao dam chu quyen
quoc gia.
- Tru cot thu ba: Ch inh sach H o p tac
ve N o i vu va T u phap (Police and Judical
Co-operation in Cr imina l Matters - PJCC)
the hien sir hgp tac t rong cac ITnh vuc xet
x u toi pham. g ia i quyet cac van de t i nan.
nhap cu va hgp tac t u phap t rong cac van
de dan su.
Viec thiet lap ba t ru cot neu tren the
hien mong muon cua cac nude thanh vien
trong qua t r inh m d rong cac ITnh vuc hgp tac,
tao ra ca sd cho viec h inh thanh L ien m i n h
Chau A u . Dong tha i . Hiep udc Maastricht
cung dua ra 16 t r inh cho viec xay dung dong
tien chung chau A u - Euro va Ngan hang
Trung uong Chau A u ( E C B ) . N h u n g dieu
kien de tham gia vao l ien m i n h k inh te - t ien
te cung dugc chi ro. do la: T i le lam phat
thap. khong vugt qua 1,5% so v d i muc trung
binh cua 3 nude co muc lam phat thap nhat;
Tham hut ngan sach khong vug t qua 3%
GDP. ng nha nude dud i 6 0 % GDP va bien
do giao dich t i gia giua cac dong t ien on dinh
trong hai nam theo ca che chuyen doi
( E R M ) ; Lai suat khong qua 2 % so v d i muc
trung binh cua 3 nude co lai suat thap nhat.
Hiep udc Maastricht m d rong trach
nhiem cua E U tren cac ITnh vuc m d i nhu
chinh sach bao ve ngud i t ieu dung, cham soc
y te. giao thong van tai , nghien cuu, giao due
va cac chinh sach xa hoi khac. Dong tha i ,
Hiep udc con bao g o m cac quy che ve phoi
hop harm dong t rong cac hoat dong t u phap,
chinh sach nhap cu . quyen cu t ru . th i thirc
cung nhu viec thanh lap quy t r g giup doi vdi
cac nude thanh v ien co t r inh do phat trien
k i n h te d muc thap hon. Theo Hiep udc
Maastricht, cong dan chau A u dugc co them
nhung quyen han m d i , theo do, tat ca cong
dan cac nude thanh v ien deu co quyen di lai,
t u do c u t ru tren lanh tho cac nude thanh
vien va co quyen bau cu trong cac cuoc bau
cu cua dia phuong va cua E U .
Hiep udc Maastr icht danh dau mot budc
ngoat quan t rong tren budc dudng nhat the
hoa chau A u , hien thuc hoa nhung ITnh vuc
hgp tac m d i cung n h u de ra 16 t r inh de dat
dugc muc t ieu hgp tac t rong cac ITnh vuc cu
the, dac biet la t rong viec thiet lap dong euro.
Tuy nhien, mot so nude thanh vien, nhat la
A n h to ra nghi ngai ve kha nang m d rong
quyen luc cua cac thiet che trong E U va van
de chu quyen quoc gia cua cac nude thanh
vien. M o t so nha nghien cuu con cho rang
Hiep udc Maastr icht la "su t u nguyen tir bo
chu quyen quoc gia chua t irng co trong lich
sir" va no i dung cua no "g iong mot dieu luat
t rong H i e n phap han la mot hiep udc quoc
te" 6 . Ch inh v i vay, qua t r inh phe chuan Hiep
udc Maastricht dien ra day kho khan, nhat la
d cac nude A n h , Phap va Dan Mach . Ci Dan
Mach , t rong lan t rung cau dan y dau tien
dien ra thang 6-1992, cac cir t r i da bac bo
Hiep udc nay. Gan mot nam sau, cuoc t rung
6 John McCormick (2008). The European union. Politics and Policies. Sdd, tr.92.
-
(Jit Qpiicj. tto4iq. CThajL (Jkep,... 55
cau dan y lan t h u hai m a i dat dugc chap
thuan cua da so cir t r i v a i 4 ITnh vuc bao luu ,
trong do co viec Dan M a c h chua gia nhap
khu vuc sir dung dong euro. Ta i Phap, cuoc
trung cau dan y doi v a i Hiep uac Maastricht
dien ra thang 9-1992 cung chi dat dugc t i le
phieu thuan sit sao la 51,04%. Trong k h i do
a A n h , de Hiep uac nay dugc phe chuan,
Chinh phi i cua Dang Bao thu, d img dau la
Thi i tuong John M a j o r , da phai kien t r i dau
tranh de vuot qua phe chong doi trong Ha
vien A n h .
Sau kh i dugc 12 quoc gia thanh vien
phe chuan, Hiep uoc Maastricht chinh thirc
co hieu luc tir thang 11-1993. Trong qua
trinh thuc hien, Hiep uoc Maastricht dugc
sira chua va bo sung bang mot so hiep uoc
khac nhu Hiep uoc Amsterdam va Hiep uac
Nice:
- Hiep uac Amsterdam (ky thang 2-
1997, co hieu lire thang 5-1999) co nhirng
sua doi va bo sung nhung dieu khoan ciia
Hiep uoc Maastricht ve quyen co ban ciia
cac nuoc thanh vien, ve t u phap va noi vu , ve
chinh sach xa hoi , viec lam va ve chinh sach
doi ngoai va an ninh chung.
- Hiep uoc Nice (ky thang 2-2001, co
hieu luc 2-2003) bao gom nhirng dieu khoan
bo sung ve cai each the che de don nhan
nhirng thanh vien m o i , ve viec tang cuong
quyen luc cho N g h i v ien Chau A u va viec
thanh lap lire luong phan ung nhanh cua E U .
Sau kh i Hiep uoc Maasticht co hieu luc,
nhirng tien bo ve the che va chinh sach da
tao dieu kien thuan l g i cho viec m d rong cac
ITnh vuc hop tac va m d rong so lugng cac
thanh v ien m d i cua E U . Dau thap nien 1990.
v d i su k ien nude Due thong nhat, lanh tho
ciia E U dugc m d rong, mac d i i so lugng
thanh v ien khong tang len. Sau kh i Chien
tranh Lanh ket thiic, co i t nhat 18 nude chau
A u co nguyen vong gia nhap E U , trong do co
7 nude D o n g A u , 6 nude cong hoa thuoc
L ien X o c i i va 5 nude thuoc L ien bang N a m
T u ci i . Lan song cac nude co nguyen vong
tham gia E U dang cao da dat ra yeu cau xem
xet lai ve mat the che rihung t ieu chi gia
nhap E U . Trong cuoc hop ciia H o i dong
Chau A u tai Copenhagen thang 6-1993, cac
nude thanh v ien da thong qua Cong udc
Copenhagen v d i cac dieu kien tieu chuan de
gia nhap E U . Theo do, cac nude muon t rd
thanh thanh v ien E U phai dat dugc 3 t ieu chi
co ban:
- Ve chinh tri: Phai la nude dan chi i ,
ton trong nhan quyen va luat phap quoc te.
- Ve kinh te: Phai co nen k inh te th i
t rudng t u do va co t iem nang vugt qua
nhirng ap luc ciia canh tranh k inh te t u ban
chi i nghia.
- Ve tu phap: Co nang luc dap ung
nhirng nghTa v u va yeu cau ciia he thong luat
phap do E U qui d inh.
Qua t r inh dam phan gia nhap E U ciia
cac nude thanh v ien Hiep hoi M a u dich t u do
( E F T A ) dugc bat dau tir nam 1990. Tuy
nhien, sau k h i cac cuoc dam phan ket thiic
vao dau nam 1994, chi co 3 nude la A o .
Phan Lan, Thuy Dien gia nhap E U vao thang
1-1995. Day la lan m d rong t h i i nam, dua so
thanh vien E U len 15 nude, v d i dien t ich
-
56 NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N 0 6 (129).2011
lanh tho dugc m a rong them 1/3 va lan dau
tien trong l i ch su, E U co duang bien g ia i
chung v a i nuac Nga.
E U tiep tuc m a rong ve phia Dong trong
thap nien cuoi cung ciia the ky X X va hoan
thanh qua t r inh nay vao nhung nam dau the
ky X X I . Cac cuoc dam phan gia nhap E U
ciia cac nuac D o n g A u dugc bat dau t rong
nhung nam 1998-2000. Ve ca ban, qua t r inh
dam phan ket thiic vao thang 12-2002. Thang
10-2004, dot m a rong l an nhat trong l i ch sir
E U dien ra v a i viec ket nap cung mot luc 10
thanh vien m a i . D o la 8 nuac Dong A u
(Cong hoa Sec, Ba Lan, Hungary, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia , Lithuania) va 2
nuac thuoc Dia Trung Hai (Cyrus va Mal ta) .
Hai nuac Bungari va Rumani mac du da
dugc E U chap thuan nhung gia nhap muon
han, vao thang 1-2007. L a n song m a rong ve
phia Dong la dot m o rong l an nhat ciia E U
ve so lugng thanh vien, tang them 20% dan
so, nhung neu xet ve k i n h te, GDP chi tang
them 5%. Qua t r inh hucmg Dong ciia E U da
dat dau cham het cho su chia cat chau A u
keo dai tren niia the ky do cuoc Chien tranh
Lanh gay ra. Thuat ngu chau A u (European)
da mang mot y nghia m a i . Neu nhu truac
day, t rong l i ch sir the g ia i tha i ky Chien
tranh Lanh, chau A u dugc hieu la kho i cac
nuac Tay A u t u ban chi i nghia, doi lap v a i
cac nuac Dong A u xa hoi chi i nghia ve he
thong k i n h te, chinh t r i -xa ho i , th i ngay nay
chau A u dugc nhin nhan la kho i thong nhat
bao gom ca D o n g A u va Tay A u duo i mai
nha chung E U .
Trong l i ch sir phat t r ien ciia m i n h , EU
hoat dong theo nhung the thirc dugc quv
d inh tai cac hiep uac, b i t dau v a i 6 nuac
thanh v ien d i n nay da len t a i 27 nuac. Nhu
cau cai each the che E U dugc dat ra va ngay
cang t ra nen cap bach truac nhung bien
chuyen nhanh chong ciia t i nh h inh chau A u
sau Chien tranh Lanh ci ing v a i qua t r inh ma
rong E U . Thang 12-2007, tai H o i nghi
Thuong d inh E U a L isbon , Hiep uoc ve
Hien phap Chau A u sira doi va n i t gon, dugc
goi la Hiep uoc Lisbon , da dugc ky ket. Tuy
nhien, Hiep uoc L i sbon can phai dugc 27
nuoc thanh v ien E U phe chuan de t ro thanh
hien thuc. Tra i qua cuoc hanh t r inh gian nan
keo dai hai nam (2007-2009), vugt qua
nhung tho i d iem tuong chirng nhu hoan toan
be tac, cuoi c img, ngay 3-11-2009, Cong hoa
Sec, mot t rong so nhung nuoc thanh vien
cuoi ci ing t r i hoan viec thong qua Hiep uoc
Lisbon do lo ngai ve ch i i quyen quoc gia, da
quyet d inh phe chuan Hiep uoc nay. Hiep
uac Lisbon, bat dau co hieu luc tir ngay 1-
12-2009, m o ra mot giai doan phat trien moi
v o i nhung thay do i quan t rong ve the che va
phuong thirc hoat dong ciia EU-27 trong the
k i X X I .
Qua t r inh hop nhat chau A u tir y tuong
den hien thuc gan l ien v o i nhung thang tram
ciia l i c h sir chau A u no i r ieng va the g ia i l ich
sir the g i a i no i chung. Tra i qua 60 nam phat
tr ien, chau A u da t ien mot buoc dai tren con
duong nhat the hoa, v u o t qua mong dai ciia
nhung nguo i sang lap ra no. Cho den nay,
xet tren cap do l ien ket khu vuc, E U dugc
-
(Jit djp4up (td*iXf\ (JfaatL CJhJjft,.. 5 7
danh gia la mot mau h inh hop tac thanh cong
nhat tren the g io i . K h a i dau tir mot cong
dong hop tac khu vuc chi g ia i han trong ITnh
vuc than thep v a i 6 nuac thanh vien, sau qua
trinh phat tr ien v a i 6 dot m a rong, Cong
dong Than Thep Chau A u (ECSC) da phat
trien thanh EU-27 v o i so dan 500 tr ieu nguai
(2009) va GDP tuong duang 1/3 tdng GDP
toan cau. T r d thanh mot sieu cuong k inh te,
thuong mai toan cau, E U dong tha i la mot
thirc the co tam anh hudng quan trong trong
nen chinh t r i quoc te, dong gop 70% vien t ra
nhan dao cho the g i d i . C img v d i viec noi len
nhu mot trong nhung thuc the co dong gop
nhieu nhat cho ky nguyen hien dai, E U da va
dang no lire xay dung cac gia t r i va nguyen
tac chung cua m i n h nhu de cao dan chu va
quyen con ngud i , t u do ngon luan va ton
giao cung nhu xay dung nhung nguyen tac
ve mau dich t u do phi bien g id i ma cac quoc
gia tren the g id i t i rng m a udc. Nira the k i
trudc, nhirng ngudi m o mong nhat cung
khong the h inh dung ve mot chau A u khong
bien g id i v d i mot dong tien chung duy nhat
cho phan ldn cac nude chau A u . Sir h inh
thanh va phat tr ien ciia E U la mot trong
nhung sir k ien ldn nhat ciia l i ch sir nhan loai
thd ky X X , dem lai rihung thay doi to l dn
tren ban cd chinh t r i quoc te, dong tha i m d ra
thdi ky hoa binh dai nhat t rong l i ch sir chau
A u hien dai. De co duoc thanh qua hop nhat
trong suot 60 nam qua, van de co t inh
nguyen tac hanh dong ciia E U la hop tac va
lien ket v i l o i ich chung ciia cac dan toe, v i
hoa binh, dan chi i va phon v i n h ciia chau A u .
Ddng tha i , mo i nude thanh v ien deu co dong
gop ciia r ieng m i n h vao qua t r inh hop nhat
chau A u , vao sir dn d inh ci ing nhu nen dan
chu va th inh vuong d k h u vuc nay.
T a i l i eu t h a m khao
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Economy Since 1945: Coordinated
Capitalism and Beyond. Princeton, NJ ,
Princeton Univers i ty Press Inc., 2007.
2. B i l l Emmot t . 20:21 Vision.
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First Century. Farra, Straus and Giroux,
N e w Y o r k , 2003.
3. C o l i n Croach. Social change in
Western Europe. O x f o r d Univers i ty Press
Inc., N e w Y o r k , 1999.
4. Dav id Sumler. A History of Europe
in the 20th Century. The Dorsey Press,
Homewood, I l l ino i s and I rwin-Dorsey
L imi t ed Georgetown, Ontario, 1973.
5. Daniel R. Brower . The World in XX
Century: From Empires to Nations. Upper
Saddle River, N e w Jersy 07458, 2002.
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1919 den nay). Hoc v ien Quan he Quoc te,
Ha N o i , 1994.
7. Geir Lundestad. The United States
and Western Europe since 1945. O x f o r d
Univers i ty Press Inc., N e w Y o r k , 2003.
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Union: Politics and Policies. Westview
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Group, Philadelphia, 2008.
9. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal
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