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Turf Disease Management: Can it be done without fungicides?
Lane TredwayAssociate Professor and Extension SpecialistDepartment of Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State University
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What is sustainable?
capable of being continued with minimal long-term effect on the environment (American Heritage Dictionary)
capable of being maintained at a steady level without exhausting natural resources or causing ecological damage (Collins)
of, relating to, or being a method of harvesting or using a resource so that the resource is not depleted or permanently damaged (Merriam-Webster)
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Which practice is least sustainable?
1. removing trees to increase sunlight and air movement
2. planting a variety containing resistance genes from grasses collected in Poland
3. planting a variety containing frog dermaseptin genes
4. applying the biofungicide Rhapsody (Bacillus subtilis)
5. applying fungicide Heritage (azoxystrobin)
6. applying a mixture of soda, beer, soap, ammonia, and mouthwash
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Which practice is most sustainable?
1. removing trees to increase sunlight and air movement
2. planting a variety containing resistance genes from grasses collected in Poland
3. planting a variety containing frog dermaseptin genes
4. applying the biofungicide Rhapsody (Bacillus subtilis)
5. applying fungicide Heritage (azoxystrobin)
6. applying a mixture of soda, beer, soap, ammonia, and mouthwash
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How do plant diseases develop?
Amount of Disease
Disease-Conducive EnvironmentSu
scep
tible
Host
Pathogen
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The environment triggers disease development.
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Fungal growth is driven by temperature and moisture.
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How are turfgrass diseases managed?
Amount of Disease
Disease-Conducive EnvironmentSu
scep
tible
Host
Pathogen
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How are turfgrass diseases managed?
Disease-Conducive Environment
Pathogen
Plant a disease-resistant
species or variety
25% Disease
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How are turfgrass diseases managed?
Remove trees to increase sunlight and air movement
Pathogen
10% Disease
Plant a disease-resistant species
or variety
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How are turfgrass diseases managed?
Apply a fungicide to suppress pathogen
growth
2% Disease
Remove trees to increase
sunlight and air movement
Plant a disease-resistant species
or variety
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Establish a threshold. How much damage is acceptable?
0% 5% 10%
Host
Pathogen
Environment
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Host
Disease management begins at planting.
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Host
Turf Species Vary in their Disease Susceptibility
Kentucky bluegrass - summer patch, dollar spot, leaf spot, rust
perennial ryegrass - dollar spot, red thread, Pythium blight, gray leaf spot, brown patch, rust
tall fescue - brown patch
fine fescues - dollar spot, summer patch, red thread
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Varieties vary widely in their susceptibility to certain diseases.
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Most land/grant universities evaluate turf varieties.
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Host
ntep.org
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Healthy, well-managed turf is very resistant to disease.
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Host
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Nitrogen has the greatest impact on turf growth.
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EVERY turf disease is influenced by nitrogen.
AnthracnoseDollar SpotFairy Ring Pythium Root DysfunctionRed ThreadRust
Brown PatchPythium BlightGray Leaf Spot
Spring Dead SpotLarge PatchSnow Molds
Low Nitrogen High Nitrogen
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Host
under-fertilizedwell-fertilized
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Host
Over-fertilization produces leaves that are soft, lush, and easy to infect by the fungi that cause brown patch, Pythium, and other diseases.
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Mowing has a tremendous effect on turf health.
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Mowing practices influence gray leaf spot development.
Host
Mowing Height
0
10
20
30
40
50
1.5” 2.5” 3.5”Mowing Height
Gra
y Le
af S
pot I
ncid
ence
(%)
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0
10
20
30
40
50
Collected Returned
Gra
y Le
af S
pot I
ncid
ence
(%)
Mowing practices influence gray leaf spot development.
Host
Clipping Collection
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The environment drives disease development.
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Does irrigation cause as many problems as it solves?
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0
10
20
30
40
Light, Frequent Deep, Infrequent
1.5”3.0”
Summer Patch is Impacted by Mowing and Irrigation
Sum
mer
pat
ch in
cide
nce
(%)
Davis and Dernoeden, 1991
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
6/3
6/10
6/17
6/24 7/
17/8
7/15
7/22
7/29 8/
58/12
DewCure 2 oz Check
Reducing leaf wetness suppresses dollar spot.
Clarke, Rutgers University
Dol
lar S
pot I
ncid
ence
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Pathogen
Suppressing pathogen growth and survival.
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Are fungicides sustainable?
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Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ)What’s the real environmental impact?
http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/publications/eiq/
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Product Rate/1000 ft2 Interval EIQ/month
Heritage 50WG 0.2 oz 28 days 7.3
Rhapsody 5 oz 7 days 7.6
Bayer Fungus Control 2 lbs 14 days 28
Scotts Lawn Fungus Control 1.35 lbs 14 days 64
Daconil Ultrex 3.2 oz 14 days 538
Pathogen
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flickr:kanickmoses
Toomany
fungicidesto choose from!
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Get an accurate diagnosis!
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Disease Management Utility
turffiles.ncsu.edu/diseasemgmt
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Disease Management Utility on TurfFiles
turffiles.ncsu.edu/diseasemgmt
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Soil pH impacts micronutrient availability.
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Pathogen
Patch diseases are enhanced by high soil pH.
Spring dead spot Summer patch
Necrotic ring spotTake-all patch
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NH4+
H+
Soil Root
soil pH decreases
NO3-
OH-soil pH increases
Nitrogen source influences soil pH
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Biologicals
• a living organism is applied to the turf, which may inhibit disease through a variety of mechanisms
Biofungicides
• an inhibitory compound, derived from a specific microbe, is concentrated and applied to the turf
Composts
• stimulate activity of soil microbes
• some of which may be beneficial
• some may be harmful or pathogenic
What about biological control?
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0
50
100
150
200
4 May 18 May 1 Jun 15 Jun 1 Jul 15 Jul
Rhapsody (2%) Rhapsody (3%) Untreated
Dolla
r Spo
t Inc
iden
ce
Rhapsody applied every 14 days
**
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