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Tutorials
By Dr Sharon Truter
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To the Tutorials
By Dr Sharon Truter
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What to expect from the Tutorials What to expect from these tutorials
Outlines, structure, guided reading, explanations, mnemonics
Begin with anatomy.
Final tutorial: Articles and aspects important for practicing as a neuropsychologist but not part of required learning for exam (court work & working with other disciplines)
Pathology covered with anatomy
Reading to be received after each tutorial
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Additional Information What is SACNA? What is NeuropsychologySA? The SACNA exam
Cost Dates of exams Associate membership Contact Frances Hemp for more information:
Additional information Linked-In group Study groups Contact me regarding questions
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Study Tips ±15 Hours a week of study.
Start with Kolb.
Anatomy of Lezak: Use as revision.
Laminate pg. 53 of Kolb book.
Make use of Latin and Greek references on website Latin and Greek for Neuropsychologists: Part 1 Neuroanatomy
Latin and Greek for Neuropsychologists: Part 2 Neuroanatomy
Read: Sage advice from Successful SACNA Examinees
Summaries available: Didi at [email protected].
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The Skull, Meninges and Blood Supply
By Dr Sharon Truter
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By Dr Sharon Truter
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Skull
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Falx
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Cribriform Plate
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Pathology: Base of Skull/Basilar Fracture
Typically involving the temporal bone, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, and/or ethmoid bone.
Also anterior bones.
Such fractures can cause tears in the meninges, with resultant leakage of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
CSF may dribble out through a perforated eardrum (CSF otorrhea), into the nasopharynx (causing a salty taste), or drip from the nose (CSF rhinorrhea)
Battles Sign
Bilateral Raccoon eyes
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Base of Skull Fracture
Battle’s sign (William Henry Battle)
Bilateral raccoon eyes
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CT Scan of Basilar Skull Fracture
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By Dr Sharon Truter
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Meninges
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Meninges
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Pathology: Meningitis Inflammation of meninges (-itis = inflammation) Caused by viruses, bacteria or other micro organisms. Common symptoms:
Headache Neck stiffness Fever Confusion or altered consciousness, Vomiting Photophobia and phonophobia
A lumbar puncture diagnoses. Meningitis can lead to serious long-term consequences such
as: deafness, epilepsy, hydrocephalus and cognitive deficits
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Pathology: Epidural and Subdural Haematoma
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Pathology: Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Scalp Haematoma
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Scalp Haemtoma Occur on the outside of the skull between the bone and
the skin of the scalp.
There are numerous layers to the scalp and the hematoma may be located in any of those layers.
While a scalp hematoma cannot press on the brain and cause symptoms, it is a signal that a head injury has occurred and there may also be underlying brain injury. This is especially true for neonates and infants.
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By Dr Sharon Truter
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Arteries and Veins
Arteries Veins
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Cerebral Arteries
Anterior Cerebral Artery Middle Cerebral Artery Posterior Cerebral Artery
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Blood Flow ACA = Anterior cerebral artery
MCA = Middle Cerebral Artery
PCA = Posterior Cerebral Artery
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Circle of Willis
Made up of: Anterior cerebral artery (left and right). Anterior communicating artery. Internal carotid artery (left and right). Posterior cerebral artery (left and right). Posterior communicating artery (left and
right).
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Circle of Willis The basilar artery and middle cerebral
arteries, supplying the brain, are not considered part of the circle.
If one part of the circle becomes blocked or narrowed (stenosed) or one of the arteries supplying the circle is blocked or narrowed, blood flow from the other blood vessels can often preserve the cerebral perfusion well enough to avoid the symptoms of ischemia.
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Pathology of the Arteries and Veins
Cerebral ischemia (stroke). Thrombosis: blood clot in vessel.
Embolism: blood clot from larger vessel forced into a smaller one.
Reduction in blood flow: cerebral arteriosclerosis.
Transient ischemia.
Cerebral haemorrhage (bleeding).
Angioma: Congenital collections of abnormal vessels that divert normal blood flow.
Aneurisms: Vascular dilations from localised defects in the elasticity of the vessels.
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Pathology: Stroke
A sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of severe interruption of blood flow.
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Pathology: Aneurism
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Angiography A substance that absorbs X-rays is injected into the blood stream.
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Angiogram showing aneurism
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Pathology: Headaches Headaches
Pain caused by pressure, displacement or inflammation. Pain sensitive structures: dura mater, large arteries of the brain,
branches of some of the cranial nerves (5th, 9th & 10th). Migraine (Greek: hemi = half; kranion = skull)
Aura: constriction of one or more cerebral arteries has produced ischemia of the occipital cortex.
Actual headache: begins as the vasoconstriction reverses and vasodilation takes place.
Types: Classic. Common. Cluster headache. Hemiplegic migraine (loss of movement of limbs). Opthalmologic migraine (loss of movement of eyes).
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Reading for Tutorial 1:
Kolb & Wishaw (Kolb) Chapter 1 (The Development of Neuropsychology) & Chapter 2 (Origins of the Human Brain and Behaviour).
Kolb Chapter 3 (Organisation of the Nervous System) & Chapter 10 (Principles of Neocortical Function). Review Kolb pg. 57- 59, Review Kolb pg. 76 - 78 (Cellular Organisation of the Cortex), Kolb pg. 253 - 273 (The Structure of the Cortex), Kolb Chapter 4 (The Structure and Electrical Activity of Neurons) & Kolb Chapter 5 (Communication between Neurons).
Kolb pg. 55 (Support and protection) & Kolb pg. 764 (Meningitis).
Review Kolb pg. 56 - 57 (Blood Supply), Kolb pg. 147 (Angiography), Kolb pg. 51 (Stroke), Kolb pg. 749 - 751 (Vascular Disorders), Lezak pg. 229 - 242 (Cerebrovascular Disorders) & Kolb pg. 760 - 762 (Headaches). Kolb pg. 759 - 760 (Tumours). Lezak pg. 333 - 338 (Brain Tumours). Kolb pg. 107 (Snapshot of MS). Lezak pg. 290 - 303 (Multiple Sclerosis).
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Nothing worth having
comes easy