Download - U07 learning slides 2011
Learning Unitu07
Learning is a relatively permanent change to an organism’s behavior due to experience.
• Classical conditioning
• Operant conditioning
• Observational learning
m21 Classical Conditioning
The Office
1849 - 1936
1904, Nobel Prize in Medicine
Originally tried to study digestion, but dogs became conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Unconditional stimulus
Unconditional response
neutral stimulus
NS → Conditioned stimulus
Acquisition
CS → Conditioned response
Generalization vs Discrimination
Spontaneous Recovery
Modernizing Pavlov
Biological predisposition to certain associations
Universal way to learn
simple worms to humans . . . like Little Albert
Review
Identify the UCS, UCR, NS — then the post-acquisition CS and CR
Identify the UCS, UCR, NS — then the post-acquisition CS and CR
Identify the UCS, UCR, NS — then the post-acquisition CS and CR
Months prior to the season opening football game between MIT and Harvard, a psychology graduate student went to the Harvard stadium to feed seagulls. For weeks, wearing a white-and-black-striped shirt he walked up and down the sidelines, blowing on a whistle, and throwing bird seed on to the field.
At the season opener, the football game was delayed for 45 minutes as officials waited for hundreds of seagulls to leave the field.
m22 Operant Conditioning
Edward Thorndike
The LAW OF EFFECT:
rewarded behavior is likely to be be repeated.
Corollary:
punished behavior is not likely to be repeated
BF Skinner
1904-1990
Built upon the Law of Effect
Developed Skinner Box to test conditioning in isolation
Shaping through successive approximations
Increases the likelihood of the preceding event being repeated.
Positive reinforcers add something desirable
Negative reinforcers remove something undesirable
Reinforcement
Primary reinforcers are inherently desirable
food, water, air, and sex
Secondary reinforcers are learned
eg money, grades, praise
Positive reinforcement
• Taking aspirin to relieve a headache• Hurrying home in the winter to get out of the cold• Giving in to an argument or to dog’s begging to end it• Fanning oneself to escape the heat• Leaving a school play if the play is bad• Smoking to relieve anxiety• Faking a stomach ache in order to avoid school• Putting on a seatbelt to silence the warning buzzer• Using an umbrella to escape the rain• Saying “uncle” to stop being beaten
Negative Reinforcers
Negative reinforcement
Punishment
Decreases the likelihood of the preceding event being repeated
Positive punishment adds something undesirable
Negative punishment removes something desirable
Review
Reinforcement
Punishment
Does the situation require:
Scenarios
Punishment or Reinforcement?
positive or negative?
describe the response
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
Fixed interval
Variable interval
Continuous reinforcement
or
intermittent reinforcement
fixed ratio
variable ratio
fixed interval
variable interval
1. Car salesman paid on commission?
2. Airline frequent-flyer rewards program?
3. Detention for eating in the halls?
4. Checking Facebook for something interesting?
5. Receiving acceptance letters from college?
6. Feeling sick after eating McDonald’s?
What schedule is being used?
m23 Observational Learning
Mirror neurons fire both when the animal acts and when it observes a conspecial animal act.
1925 - present
Past president of the APA
Professor at Stanford
“Bobo Doll” experiment
Albert Bandura
• Attention
• Retention
• Reproduction
• Motivation or reinforcement
Components of Observational Learning
Prosocial
or
Antisocial behaviors
Optional review session:today, 5*
Agenda:
Coloring
Presentation
Practice FRQ
Illustrate a scene showing:
A. Classical Conditioning
B. Operant Conditioning
C. Observational Learning
US ⇒ URCS + US ⇒ UR
CS ⇒ CR
Behavior + response
Experience & replication