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UK tourism
Facts and Figures
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UK tourism
• Generates > £53 bn for economy
• aprox 27million visitors in 2000
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UK tourism
• 4% GDP due to tourism
• 6% employment linked to tourism
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UK tourism
• Tourists go: 41% London, 7% Scotland, 3% Wales
• £11bn spent on domestic trips within UK
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UK tourism
History
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UK tourism History
• 18th century:
• Spa towns popular
• Practice of taking waters?
• eg Bath Buxton
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UK tourism History
• 19th century:
• Prince Reagent- believed in healthyness of sea bathing- established
Brighton Pavilion
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UK tourism History
• 19th century:
• By 1840s Brighton and Scarborough major resorts
• Later on resorts like Margate+ Blackpool catered 4 working
classes
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UK tourism History
• Wking class holidays^-• Better +cheaper rail transport
• Economic growth-Better pay
• Holiday act forcing companies to give workers holidays
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UK tourism History
• 19th century:• Rural: Landscape of
Lake+Peak district pop with upper class
• +Club outings & Mystery trips
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UK tourism History• 20th century:
• 1945-65 high point of great British holiday
• Paid holidays made compulsory in 1938
• New holiday camps etc
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UK tourism History
• Rural - 1946 creation of national parks & rising car
ownership >
• Tourist explosion
• High demand for services>
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UK tourism History• Tourist boards - distribute info
+ management
• New Accommodation eg B&Bs
• New attractions- eg country houses
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UK tourism History
• Themed marketing eg Emmerdale
( I thought they were trying to promote tourism?)
• Development of Enclave tourism eg Centre Parcs
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UK tourism History
• 1970 - Tourism act- To Strengthen UK tourism
internationally
• & improve provision of tourist facilities by:
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UK tourism History• Co-ordinate commercial, public & voluntary sectors
• Tourist information offices:connect demand to
supply
• Help fund local projects
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Oxford
Urban Tourism
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Tourism in Oxford
• Not heavily promoted
• Over 5 million visitors in 1996
• Creates 7300 full time jobs (3-4% active pop)
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Tourism in Oxford
• Botanic Gardens
• The Oxford story
• Ashmolean Museum
Attractions
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Tourism in Oxford
• Blackwells Bookshop
• Carfax Tower
• Sheldonian Theatre
Attractions
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Tourism in Oxford
• Most Pop colleges:• Christ Church• Magdalene
• New College
Attractions
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Tourism in Oxford
• 750000 overnight stays in Oxford
• 2.28 m day trips
• £258 million total value to economy
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Tourism in Oxford
• 45% come by car
• 36% pub transport (park + ride)
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Tourism in Oxford
• Problems:
• Too much Traffic
• Overcrowded
• (expensive)
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Tourism in Oxford
• Oxford Tourist Strategy Aims:
• Ensure tourist satisfaction
• Inc tourist spending
• Minimise enviro probs
Management
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Tourism in Oxford
• By:
• Larger coach park
• Harsher parking regs
• Promote park + ride
Management
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Tourism in Oxford
• Enc walking tours +cycles
• publicise less pop attractions to disperse
visitors
Management
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Tourism in Oxford
• Increase no off season visitors
• Re-invest tourist money into infrastructure etc
Management
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Tourism in Oxford
• Eg:
• University Student acc used for conferences
• Oxpen coach park
Management
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Tourism in Oxford
• Signposts
• Shopping developments: Riverside Walk
• Improve disabled access
Management
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The Lake District
Rural tourism in the UK
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The Lake district
• Made a national park in 1949
• Good accessibility;
• M6 motorway
• +Railway links
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The Lake district• 50% employment linked to
national park• Park managed by:
• Cumbria tourist board (business)• National Park Authority (conservation)
• Friends of the lake district(“)• National trust (owns 1/4 land)
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The Lake district
• Aims of national parks:• Conserve environment
• Enable access & range of outdoor pursuits
• Protect local peoples quality of life, + economy
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The Lake district
• These aims often conflict as do the management
bodies
• Problems eg Congestion
• 95% tourists arrive by car
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The Lake district
• Congestion>pollution, detracts from scenery etc• eg Ambleside traffic major
problem through village
• Suggestion of building a bypass blocked by environment lobby
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The Lake district
• 1993 Cumbria tourist board + other groups launched initiative
to reduce traffic: included:
• Blanket speed limits
• Park + ride Schemes
• Some roads banned form use
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The Lake district• However, struggle with tourist industry as it reduces business• All groups agree on need for public transport eg Park & ride
ferry boat scheme on lake Windermere
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The Lake district
• Other probs: power boats on lake Windermere
• Noise+pollution
• Park authority wanted a 10kmph speed limit
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The Lake district
• V unpopular with local business -no one rents
power boats • Govt inquiry- found in favour of ban but was overturned by secretary of state (conservative)
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The Lake district
• Lake district highly dependant on tourism, needs careful management
to remain popular
• Future developments shifting to outside park boundaries eg
Oasis holiday village
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Broadstairs
Coastal tourism
(in decline)
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Broadstairs
• V pop 1920’s -1960s• Historical attraction: Charles
Dickens wrote books there:• 2 Dickens museums get
28000 visitors pa
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Broadstairs
• Serious decline since 1960s
• Hotels converted to Care homes
• 15% unemployment
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Broadstairs
• Remaining Hotels had to diversify: bring in business
tourists
• Once profitable places like the theatre, built in 1993, now make a loss(relies on café)
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Broadstairs
• Broadstairs now relies heavily on foreign tourists
• Arrive by channel tunnel or subsidised Ostend-
Ramsgate ferry
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Broadstairs
• Many foreign tourists exchange students arrive
Easter - August aprox 1000 per annum
• Market generates £13M for Broadstairs
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Broadstairs
• Quaintness + Dickens connection has kept
Broadstairs afloat
• Over dependency on tourism & a good summer
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The Gambia
W Africa
advantages+problems
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Tourism in The Gambia
• 130,000 visitors per year
• 90,000 from Europe
• Come for Winter Sun
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Tourism in The Gambia
• Gambia-very poor:
• pop 1.038mill
• Under 5 mort rate 129/1000
• 40% pop live in towns
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Tourism in The Gambia
• Tourism brings vital income
• Helps escape cycle of poverty
• Welcome alternative to agriculture (mainly peanuts
+cotton)
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Tourism in The Gambia
• However tourism is seasonal: facilities unused+ unemployment in summer
• Tourist infrastructure development costs increass government debt
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Tourism in The Gambia
• Infrastucture unavailable to most locals as it is
concentrated in tourist areas
• Govt has to increase security spending to protect tourists
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Tourism in The Gambia
• Most tourist developments owned by foreign countries
>little money stays in country
• Hotels mostly import food >little trickle down effect
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Tourism in The Gambia
• Problem especially with all inclusive holidays
• Foreign investors interested in quick returns not
sustainable development
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Tourism in The Gambia
• Westernisation of local population> Bumsters young
peeps who follow tourists
• Local people seen by police as second to tourists
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Tourism in The Gambia
• Attempts at Ecotourism:• Kachokorr ecotourist camp,
Tumani Tenda• Owned by villagers
• Built+ maintained with local materials
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Tourism in The Gambia
• Experience true local culture + food eg Domoda (rice+
peanut sauce)
• Experience history of area: Slavery
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Tourism in The Gambia
• Tours through forest (local guides)
• Tours through Bo Long marshes in canoes
(pirogues): observe Wildlife
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Antigua, Caribbean
Tourism conflicts
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Antigua
• Tourism vital
• Hotels alone employ >6000 people
• Future developments eg Asian run holiday village
promise 2000 jobs
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Antigua• However few locals get high paid
managerial jobs, go to foreigners• Much of industry owned by
outside companies• All inclusive holidays & cruises-no
trickle down
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Antigua
• Most tourist food imported
• Population made to feel subservient, hotel workers forced to smile for tourists
• Westernisation of culture
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Antigua
• Environmental damage:
• Dredging for boat access stirs up sediment- settles on + kills
coral
• Tourist Developers get high subsidies> corruption
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Venice
Veneto region of Italy
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Environmental probs Venice
• Rapid tourist growth: 50 k tourist 1952 > 1.13m in 1987
• Pop loss 175,000 in 1951 > 78,000 in 1990
• Buildings protected from change by govt
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Environmental probs Venice
• Major flooding problems: severe floods in 1966
–Sinking ground level
–Rising sea level (global warming)
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Ian is great
(Subliminal message)
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Environmental probs Venice
• Serious air + water pollution• Estimated carrying capacity
25,000 p day • Regularly exceeded; 37,000 in
Aug• Exceeded on 156 days(1987
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Environmental probs Venice
• At peak times bridge from mainland closed
• Serious congestion
• Lower quality tourist experience
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Environmental probs Venice
• Generally land prices increasing + too many tourists-
drives out locals• Area loses culture
• Economy stagnates• Set to get worse
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Environmental probs Venice
• To reduce congestion only authorised coaches allowed
into city• City withdrew its bid for EXPO
2000 (comic convention)• (that was in mr Long’s notes god knows why)
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Monte Verde Cloud Forest
Costa Rica
Ecotourism
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Monte Verde Cloud Forest
• Currently attracts 1 million visitors pa
• The cloud forest is 1700m above sea level and is rich
in biodiversity
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Monte Verde Cloud Forest
• 100 mammal species• 400 bird species
• 120 reptile & amphibian species
• Thousands of insect species
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Monte Verde Cloud Forest
• Original visitors mostly scientists
• Carefully managed by Quaker community
• 1972 Monteverde reserve created
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Monte Verde Cloud Forest
• Area publicised in media• Now accounts for 18% of Costa Rica’s tourism revenue• In-migration due to plentiful
jobs
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Monte Verde Cloud Forest
• Most businesses, eg hotels owned by locals> money
stays in area>
• Trickle down effect (money spent on other local services
etc)
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Monte Verde Cloud Forest
• Tours through parks carefully supervised>
• Environment protected
• Growth of infrastructure
• Some miss the isolation
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Belize
Ecotoursim failed?
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Belize• Good destination:
• 1/4 country a reserve of some kind
• coral reefs• 450 cayes (small islands) good
for scuba diving
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Belize
• Historic interest> Mayan cities
• Sub tropical climate
• Close proximity to southern US cities
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Belize• In 1990 tourism worth £40mill
to GDP
• 2nd to agriculture as % of GDP
• However poor management> problems
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Belize
• Damage to reef at Hol Chan marine reserve
• Loss of mangroves due to development (important
fish hatcheries)
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Belize• Important bird nesting sites bulldozed to build runway on
one island
• Increased Foreign ownership> 90% of new
developments
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Belize• Some successes: eg Hopkins
village- A hotel and cultural centre run by a local woman’s
cooperative
• Encourages understanding of culture &history
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Antarctica
It’s all about the money, I mean ecotourism
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Antarctica
• Carefully regulated by IAATO (International Association of
Antarctic Tour Operators)
• Ensures protection of environment + wildlife
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Antarctica• 3 types of tourism:
• V expensive camping trips for naturalists
• Cruises• Over-flights (previously stopped for 20
years after crash of a DC10 on Mount Erebus)
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Antarctica
• Most cruises start either from Ushaia or Port
Stanley (Falkland Isles)
• 95% tourists use cruise ships
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Antarctica
• Most ships relatively small-average capacity 50-100
• Tourists well educated about fragile environment
• Ships self contained> minimal pollution
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Antarctica• 200 possible visiting sites
(although tourists can land anywhere except preservation
areas)
• Kept free of overcrowding by only allowing 100 ashore at a time (in
groups of 20)
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Antarctica
• Tourism growing rapidly
• 1998 10,000 visitors recorded
• Predicted to reach 30,000 by 2020
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Antarctica
• Increased environmental pressure: larger
ships:carrying 500
• So far little impact only 5% tourist sites show any “wear
and tear”
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Antarctica
• Future problems:
• Frequent visitors may affect health of animals:
• Risk of introducing diseases
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Antarctica
• Future problems:
• Frequent visitors may affect health of animals:
• Risk of introducing diseases
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Antarctica
• & presence of tourists may stress animals: eg outside
Antarctic: bottlenose dolphins rest 0.5% of time
when 3 boats present, 68% with one boat
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Antarctica• Also some pollution: paint
scrapped of hulls of ice breakers contains tributyltin (TBT),
designed to kill algae & barnacles
• Found at v high levels on floor of McMurdo Sound