Download - Understanding Allelopathy Science
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Understanding Allelopathy
Science
2016 NETWC Conference
Lake Placid, NY
Timothy Chick
Paul Smith’s College
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Plant Competition
SUNLIGHT
WATER
NUTRIENTS
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Root competition
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Secondary Succession
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Where’s the Plant Succession??
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What is Allelopathy?
“The chemical influence of
one plant by another”
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Allelopathy affects:
• Germination
• Growth
• Health
• Survival
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Black Walnut – the
“Spokesperson” for Allelopathy
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Classic walnut-
tomato conflict
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Interference
Definition-
The combination of competition and allelopathy
Important to use this term when it’s unclear if competition or allelopathy is operable.
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Why is allelopathy important?
• More accurate understanding of plant
physiology and interactions
• A powerful tool for IVM biological control
• Better knowledge of tree resistant species
• Biological control is a wonderful PR tool
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Allelochemicals
• Secondary metabolites
• 14 classes of chemicals – tannins, phenols,
polyacetylenes, flavonoids
• Species specific
• Additive or synergistic
– Multiple toxins
– Stresses
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Physiological Sites of Action
• Germination
• Cell division
• Cell extension
• Membrane
permeability
• Protein synthesis
• Enzyme activity
• Respiration
• Water relations
• Photosynthesis
• Nutrient uptake
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Environmental Routes of Entry
VOLATILIZATION
LEACHING
EXUDATION
DECOMPOSITION
*TRANSFORMATION
PRODUCTS
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Persistence Varies (without replenishment)
• Sugar maple 5 days
• Some grasses 2 weeks
• Goldenrod 2+ years
• Black walnut 5+ years
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Soil Type Effects
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Allelochems Adsorb to Clay
Particles – Poor Drainage
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Sandy Soils –Poor Adsorbtion
Drains Easily
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Pool Size Elements
• Concentration inputs (amt. + no. species)
• Persistence
• Stresses – temp., water and nutrients
• Soil texture – clay and sand
• Drainage
** Addition and depletion varies over time
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Little
bluestem Schizachyrium
scoparium
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Bracken fern – Pteridium acquilinum
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Goldenrod – Solidago spp.
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Aster spp.
Put NE aster and
Closeup of flower
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Meadow sweet - Spiraea latifolia
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Quackgrass - Elynus repens
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Blueberry – Vaccinium augustifolia
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Sheep laurel Kalmia
augustifolia
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Additive and Synergistic Effects
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Take away message…
Allelopathy is an important
interference factor in IVM
biological control which can
delay the need for chemical
interventions by resisting tree
invasion
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Reference
Allelopathy as a Biological Control for IVM,
Arborist News, Dec., 2010
Contact [email protected]