Download - Understanding HD Part1
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Understanding HD: Frame Rates, Color & Compression
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HD Format BreakdownAn HD Format Describes (in no particular order)
ResolutionFrame Rate Bit RateColor SpaceBit DepthColor Model / Color GamutColor Sub-SamplingCompression
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HD Format Breakdown
Examples
1920 x 1080 23.98P 10-bit Uncompressed YCbCr 4:2:2
1280 x 720 59.94P 8-bit DVCPROHD (100 Mb/s) YCbCr 4:2:2
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Resolutions
Standard HD Resolutions
1920x1080 pixels
1280x720 pixels
2k - 2048 x 1556 pixels
4k - 4096 x 2304 pixels
1920 x 1080 23.98P 10-bit Uncompressed YCbCr 4:2:2
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Resolution Sub-SamplingSub-Sampling to Compress Data
1920 x 1080
1440 x 1080
(HDCAM, HDV, XDCAM HD)
1280 x 1080
(DVCPRO HD)
1280x720
960 x 720 (DVCPRO HD)
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Frame Rates
US (NTSC / 60 hz) Frame Rates
59.94i (aka 60i) Interlace Fields per Second
29.97p (aka 30p) Progressive Frames per Second
23.98 (aka 24p) Progressive Frames per Second
24p - true 24 Progressive Frames per Second
1920 x 1080 23.98P 10-bit Uncompressed YCbCr 4:2:2
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Frame Rates
60i US Standard = 59.94i = 29.97i (Confusing I Know)
1920 x 1080 23.98P 10-bit Uncompressed YCbCr 4:2:2
Odd Field Even Field Odd Field Even Field
60 x Per Second
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Frame Rates
30p = 29.97p = 29.97 PsF
1920 x 1080 23.98P 10-bit Uncompressed YCbCr 4:2:2
First Frame
30 fps
Odd Field Even Field
Third Frame
Odd Field Even Field
Second Frame
vOdd Field Even Field
Fourth Frame
vOdd Field Even Field
60 fps
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Frame Rates
Working with 23.98p
2-3 Pull Down to 59.94i
Visually 23.98 & Broadcast Ready
23.98 PsF (Progressive Segmented Frames)
48i Interlaced Fields per Second
Progress feed to recorders
1920 x 1080 23.98P 10-bit Uncompressed YCbCr 4:2:2
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Frame Rates
24P = 23.976p 2:3 Pulldown into 60i
1920 x 1080 23.98P 10-bit Uncompressed YCbCr 4:2:2
First Frame
24 fps
Odd Field Even Field
Third Frame
Odd Field Even Field
Second Frame
vOdd Field Even Field
Fourth Frame
vOdd Field Even Field
60 fps
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Frame Rates
24PA = 23.976p 2:3:3:2 Pulldown into 60i
1920 x 1080 23.98P 10-bit Uncompressed YCbCr 4:2:2
First Frame
24 fps
Odd Field Even Field
Third Frame
Odd Field Even Field
Second Frame
vOdd Field Even Field Odd Field Even Field
60 fps
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Frame Rates
23.98 PsF (Progressive Segment Frame)
1920 x 1080 23.98P 10-bit Uncompressed YCbCr 4:2:2
First Frame
24 fps
Odd Field Even Field
Third Frame
Odd Field Even Field
Second Frame
vOdd Field Even Field
Fourth Frame
vOdd Field Even Field
48 fps
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Frame Rates
Europe (PAL / 50 hz) Frame Rates
50i Interlaced Fields per Second
25p Progressive Frames per Second
That’s it!
1920 x 1080 23.98P 10-bit Uncompressed YCbCr 4:2:2
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Understanding HD - Frame Rates
Questions?
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Understanding Color
How is color made in a digital camera?
What is color depth / bit depth?
What is a color space?
What is a color model?
What is a color gamut?
What is color sub-sampling?
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Color: How is it made in camera?
All Digital Sensors are Black & White (Luminance Only)
Color is made in two different ways:
3 Sensors with a Prism
Single Sensor with a Color Mask
Both Produce Red, Green, and Blue Images
3 Sensor Imager
Bayer Mask Sensor
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Color: 3 Sensor Color
3 CCD or 3 CMOS Sensors
Color is split by a prism into RGB Images
Used in most small sensor cameras
HVX200 and HPX170 (1/3”)
Panasonic & Sony ENG (2/3”)
3 Sensor Imager
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Color: 3 Sensor Color
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Color: Single Sensor Color
Single Sensor Color
Each Pixel is filtered for one color
Full RGB images is created by analysis of the color pattern of the sensor
Most popular pattern is the Bayer Mask
Bayer Mask Sensor
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Color: Single Sensor Color
Bayer Mask Sensor
Bayer Mask is used on most single sensor cameras
RED One & Epic
Arri Alexa
Sony F3 & FS100
Bayer pattern creates color with filtration
2x2 matrix has 2-green, 1-red, 1-blue
Invented by Dr. Bryce E. Bayer at Kodak
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Color: Single Sensor Color
F65 Sensor
Other color patterns are used by different cameras
Sony F35 has a stripped sensor
Sony F65 has a special design
F35 Sensor
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Color: The Pixel Image
Defining Color One Pixel at a Time
Each Pixel has its own brightness (luma) and color (chroma) information
1920 x 1080 23.98P 10-bit Uncompressed YCbCr 4:2:2
I’m a Pixel
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Color: The Pixel Image
Luma - Y - is strictly black and white information
Chroma - C - is strictly color information
1920 x 1080 23.98P 10-bit Uncompressed YCbCr 4:2:2
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Bit Depth
Bit Depth AKA Color Depth
Defines the amount of color variation available per color channel per pixel
8-bit & 10-bit are very common.
1920 x 1080 23.98P 10-bit Uncompressed YCbCr 4:2:2
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Bit Depth - 8 Bit
Bit Depth Variations
8-Bit Color
28 = 256 per channel (RGB)
3 Channels x 8 bits = 24 Bits total
16,777,216 colors available
1920 x 1080 23.98P 10-bit Uncompressed YCbCr 4:2:2
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Bit Depth - 10 Bit
Bit Depth Variations
10-Bit Color
210 = 1024 per channel (RGB)
3 Channels x 10 bits = 30 Bits total
1,073,741,824 colors available
1920 x 1080 23.98P 10-bit Uncompressed YCbCr 4:2:2
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Bit Depth - 12 Bit
Bit Depth Variations
12-Bit Color
212 = 4096 per channel (RGB)
3 Channels x 12 bits = 36 Bits total
68,719,476,736 colors available
1920 x 1080 23.98P 10-bit Uncompressed YCbCr 4:2:2
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Bit Depth - Banding10 bit Image 8-bit Image (no dither)
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Bit Depth - Dither8-bit Image (no dither) 8-bit Image (with dither)
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What is Color Space?
Color Space is defined by two parameters:
Color Model
Color Gamut (footprint)
Popular Color Spaces
REC 709 / DCI P3
Adobe RGB sRGB
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Color Model
A Color Model is a mathematical model describing colors as a set of numerical values (usually in 3 or 4 values)
Examples
RGB
YCbCr / YPbPr
CMYK (used in print)
1920 x 1080 23.98P 10-bit Uncompressed YCbCr 4:2:2
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Color Model
RGB - Red / Green / Blue
R = Red Chroma & Luminance
G = Green Chroma & Luminance
B = Blue Chroma & Luminance
1920 x 1080 23.98P 10-bit Uncompressed YCbCr 4:2:2
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Color Model
Y Cb Cr (digital) / Y Pb Pr (analog)
Removes redundant Y information
Y = Luma only information
Cb = Blue-Difference Chroma information
Cr = Red-Difference Chroma information
1920 x 1080 23.98P 10-bit Uncompressed YCbCr 4:2:2
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Color - The Pixel ImageIn Y Cb Cr - Each pixel contains 1 Y values and 2 Chroma values
In R G B - Each pixel contains 3 Y values & 3 Chroma values
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What is Color Gamut?Defining Color the way HUMANS see it
CIE 1931 Color Space
International Commission of Illumination
1931 Study which became CIE RGB
Later Modified to CIE XYZ Color Space
All Color Gamuts are based on limitations of the CIE XYZ Color Space
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Color Gamut
ITU-R Recommendation BT.709 (REC709)
Used in HDTV Universally
Defines primaries and limits of what colors can be shown in REC709 video.
The full spectrum is CIE XYZ
REC709 has limited color options (in triangle)
D65 is that white point
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Color GamutOther Color Gamuts
ITU-709
F35 (S-Gamut)
Print FilmF65
Visible Color
DCI
Video Gamuts Computer Gamuts
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Color Space
Color Space is defined by:
Color Model - RGB, YCbCr, CMYK
Color Gamut - Location of Primaries
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Color Sub-Sampling
Color Sub-sampling is a reduction in Color Resolution
Reducing color also reduces data rates, and it is not easily visible to our eyes.
Works in Y Cb Cr
Does not work in RGB
1920 x 1080 23.98P 10-bit Uncompressed YCbCr 4:2:2
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Chroma Sub-Sampling - 4:4:4
YC YC YC YC
YC YC YC YC
Y = LumaC = Chroma
4 Luminance Samples
4 Color Samples
4 Color Samples
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Chroma Sub-Sampling - 4:4:4
YC YC YC YC
YC YC YC YC
Y = LumaC = Chroma
4 Luminance Samples
4 Color Samples
4 Color Samples
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Chroma Sub-Sampling - 4:2:2
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y YY = Luma
C = Chroma
4 Luminance Samples
2 Color Samples
2 Color Samples
C
C
C
C
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Chroma Sub-Sampling - 4:1:1
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y YY = Luma
C = Chroma
4 Luminance Samples
1 Color Sample
1 Color Sample
C
C
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Chroma Sub-Sampling - 4:2:0
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y YY = Luma
C = Chroma
4 Luminance Samples
2 Color Samples
0 Color Sample
C C
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Understanding HD - Color
Questions?
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Bit Rate
Bit Rate AKA Data Rate
The rate at which video data is transmitted or recorded
Uncompressed video = 1.485 Gb/s (59.94i)
23.98 = 1.19 Gb/s
About 8 Giga Bytes per minute
1920 x 1080 23.98P 10-bit Uncompressed YCbCr 4:2:2
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Bit Rate - Compressed RatesCompressed Data Rates
ProRes 422 HQ - 220 Mb/s
AVC-Intra 100 - 100 Mb/s
DVCPRO HD - 100 Mb/s
XDCAM 422 - 50 Mb/s
XDCAM EX - 35 Mb/s
AVC HD - 24 Mb/s
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Bit Rate - Compressed RatesCompressed Data Rates
AJA Data Rate Calculator
Free Online Calculators
Lossless vs Lossy Compression
Lossless = Uncompressed
Lossy = Compressed
Higher Data Rate does not equal Higher Quality
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Bit Rate - Compressed RatesDCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) Blocks
An average of frequencies
Used to compress parts of an imageIncreasing Compression
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Bit Rate - Compressed RatesDCT Blocks
Used in MPEG2 and MPEG4 (small blocks)
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Compression
Compression Types
MPEG-2
DVCPRO HD
HDCAM / HDV
XDCAM HD / 422 / EX
Digital TV & DVD
1280 x 720 59.94P 8-bit DVCPROHD (100 Mb/s) YCbCr 4:2:2
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Compression
Compression Types
MPEG-4
HDCAM SR
AVC-Intra 100 / 50
AVC HD / AVCCAM
H.264 & Other Web Compressions
1280 x 720 59.94P 8-bit DVCPROHD (100 Mb/s) YCbCr 4:2:2
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Compression
Long GOP and I Frame
I-Frame compressions every frame individually
Long GOP (Group of Pictures)
Compresses over 15 frames GOP
I Frames (every 15th frame) are individually compressed
B & P Frames are stored as differences
1280 x 720 59.94P 8-bit DVCPROHD (100 Mb/s) YCbCr 4:2:2
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CompressionLong GOP - 15 Frames
I-Frame P-FrameB-Frame
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Compression
Compression Types
Intermediate Formats
ProRess 422 HQ / 422 / LT / Proxy
DNX HD / DNX
CineForm
High bit rate, low compression
1280 x 720 59.94P 8-bit DVCPROHD (100 Mb/s) YCbCr 4:2:2
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Compression
Compression Types
Redcode - Red RAW Compression
JPEG2000 (wavelet based)
Color Channels compressed individually
Four flavors in Red One 28 MB/s (224 mbit/s) 36 MB/s (288 mbit/s), and 42 MB/s (336 mbit/s)
1280 x 720 59.94P 8-bit DVCPROHD (100 Mb/s) YCbCr 4:2:2
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Recording Media
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Codec Comparisons in 1080
Apple ProRes 4444 - 1920 x 1080 12 / 10 bit 4:4:4 YCbCr / RGB I-Frame at 330 Mb/s
Apple ProRes 422 HQ - 1920 x 1080 10 bit 4:2:2 YCbCr I-Frame at 220 Mb/s
HDCAM SR - 1920 x 1080 12 / 10 bit 4:2:2 / 4:4:4
YCbCr / RGB I-Frame at 440 Mb/s or 880 Mb/s
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Codec Comparisons in 1080
AVC-Intra 100 - 1920x1080 10 bit 4:2:2 YCbCr I-Frame at100 Mb/s
XDCAM 422 / Canon XF / NanoFlash - 1920x 1080 8 bit 4:2:2 YCbCr Long GOP at 50 Mb/s
HDCAM - 1440x1080 8 bit 4:2:2 YCbCr I-Frame at 144 Mb/s
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Codec Comparisons in 1080
XDCAM EX - 1920x1080 8 bit 4:2:0 YCbCr Long GOP at 35 Mb/s
DVCPRO HD - 1280 x 1080 8 bit 4:2:2 YCbCrI-Frame at 100 Mb/s
AVCHD / AVCCAM - 1920x1080 8 bit 4:2:0 YCbCrLong GOP at 24 Mb/s
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Codec Comparisons in 1080
XDCAM HD - 1440 x 1080 8 bit 4:2:0 YCbCr Long GOP at 35 Mb/s
Canon SLR H.264 - 1920 x 1080 8 bit 4:2:0 YCbCr Long GOP at 40-50 Mb/s
HDV - 1440 x 1080 8 bit 4:2:0 YCbCr Long GOP at 25 Mb/s
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Understanding HD - Compression
Questions?