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UNIFYING CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
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UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• STRUCTURE FITS FUNCTION IN THE ANIMAL BODY– ANATOMY• DEF THE STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF AN
ORGANISM– PHYSIOLOGY• DEF THE STUDY OF THE FUNCTIONS AN ORGANISM
PERFORMS
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UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• ANIMAL STRUCTURE HAS A HIERARCHY– CELLULAR LEVEL TISSUE LEVEL ORGAN LEVEL ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL ORGANISM LEVEL• EX. MUSCLE CELL MUSCLE TISSUE HEART
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM MULTIPLE ORGAN SYSTEMS FUNCTIONING TOGETHER
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UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• TISSUES ARE GROUPS OF CELLS WITH A COMMON STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION– TISSUE• A COOPERATIVE UNIT OF MANY, VERY SIMILAR, CELLS
THAT PERFORM A SPECIFIC FUNCTION– 4 MAJOR CATEGORIES OF TISSUES• EPITHELIAL• CONNECTIVE• MUSCLE• NERVOUS
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UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• EPITHELIAL TISSUE COVERS AND LINES THE BODY AND ITS PARTS
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UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• EPITHELIAL TISSUE COVERS AND LINES THE BODY AND ITS PARTS– EPITHELIAL TISSUE• A.K.A. EPITHELIUM• SHEETS OF TIGHTLY PACKED CELLS THAT COVER BODY
SURFACES AND LINE INTERNAL ORGANS AND CAVITIES– BASEMENT MEMBRANE• A DENSE MAT OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX CONSISTING
OF FIBROUS PROTEINS AND STICKY POLYSACCHARIDES
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UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• EPITHELIAL TISSUE COVERS AND LINES THE BODY AND ITS PARTS– EPITHELIAL TISSUES ARE NAMED ACCORDING TO
THE NUMBER OF CELL LAYERS THEY HAVE AND ACCORDING TO THE SHAPE OF THE CELLS
– MUCOUS MEMBRANE• SECRETE A SLIMY SOLUTION CALLED MUCUS THAT
LUBRICATES THE SURFACE AND KEEPS IT MOIST
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UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• CONNECTIVE TISSUE BINDS AND SUPPORTS OTHER TISSUE– CONSISTS OF A
SPARSE POPULATION OF CELLS SCATTEREDTHROUGHOUT ANEXTRACELLULARMATRIX
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UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• CONNECTIVE TISSUE BINDS AND SUPPORTS OTHER TISSUE– SIX MAJOR TYPES
• LOOSE CONNECTIVETISSUE
• ADIPOSE TISSUE• BLOOD• FIBROUS CONNECTIVE
TISSUE• CARTILAGE• BONE
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UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE– HOLDS ORGANS IN PLACE
• ADIPOSE TISSUE– STORES FAT; PADDING AND INSULATION
• BLOOD– FLUID RATHER THAN A SOLID MATRIX; INVOLVED IN TRANSPORT AND
IMMUNITY• FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
– FORMS TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS• CARTILAGE
– STRONG, BUT FLEXING SKELETAL MATERIAL• BONE
– RIGID CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• MUSCLE TISSUE FUNCTIONS IN MOVEMENT– CONSISTS OF BUNDLES
OF LONG CELLS CALLEDMUSCLE FIBERS
– 3 TYPES• SKELETAL/STRIATED• CARDIAC• SMOOTH
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UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• NERVOUS TISSUE FORMS A COMMUNICATION NETWORK– FORMS A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM;
TRANSMITTING INFORMATION AS NERVE SIGNALS
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UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• NERVOUS TISSUE FORMS A COMMUNICATION NETWORK– NEURON• NERVE CELL; UNIQUELY SPECIALIZED TO CONDUCT
NERVE SIGNALS
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UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• SEVERAL TISSUES ARE ORGANIZED TO FORM AN ORGAN– ORGAN• CONSISTS OF SEVERAL TISSUES ADAPTED TO PERFORM
SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS AS A GROUP• THE FUNCTION OF AN ORGAN RESULTS FROM THE
COOPERATIVE INTERACTIONS OF ITS TISSUES
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UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• THE BODY IS A COOPERATIVE OF ORGAN SYSTEMS– ORGAN SYSTEM• A GROUP OF SEVERAL
ORGANS THAT WORK TOGETHER TO PERFORM A VITAL BODY FUNCTION• INCLUDE THE
FOLLOWING:
– DIGESTIVE– RESPIRATORY– CIRCULATORY– LYMPHATIC/IMMUNE– EXCRETORY– ENDOCRINE– REPRODUCTIVE– NERVOUS– MUSCULAR– SKELETAL/
INTEGUMENTARY
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UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
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UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• NEW IMAGING TECHNOLOGY REVEALS THE INNER BODY– X-RAYS– CT SCANS (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY)• LOW WAVE X-RAYS (3-D)
– MRI (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING)– PET (POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY)• RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES INJECTED; SHOWS
METABOLICALLY ACTIVE AREAS MORE CLEARLY
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UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS ENHANCE EXCHANGE BETWEEN ANIMALS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT– INTERSTITIAL FLUID• BODY CELLS ARE BATHED IN THIS SOLUTION
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UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• ANIMALS REGULATE THEIR INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT– HOMEOSTASIS• STEADY STATE; DYNAMIC
EQUILIBRIUM
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UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• HOMEOSTASIS DEPENDS ON NEGATIVE FEEDBACK– NEGATIVE FEEDBACK • A CHANGE IN A VARIABLE
TRIGGERS MECHANISMS THAT REVERSE THAT CHANGE
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UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• SO HOW EXACTLY DO THESE ORGAN SYSTEMS WORK?– WITH SO MANY TO LOOK AT, WE HAVE TO START
SOMEWHERE…LET’S START WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, SHALL WE??
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UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION