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Name_________________________Date___________Class________
***All notes must be fill-in before you can begin Dissection: (March 20st)
Unit 12: Introduction to the Animal Kingdom
Animals (members of the Kingdom Animalia)
What characteristics do all animals share?
• Eukaryotic Cells
• No Cell Wall
• ______________________
• Cell specialization
• ____________________________
• Reproduction
Categories of Animals
Category Percentage of
Species
Description Examples
Without backbones
With backbones
7 Essential functions that animals carry out.
1. Feeding
2. __________________________
3. Circulation
4. Excretion
5. _____________________________
6. Movement
7. Reproduction
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Types of Feeders
Type of
Feeder
Description
Feeds on plants.
Carnivore
Filter feeder
Feeds on decaying plant and animal materials.
All About Animals
What does an animal do when it respires?
◦ They take in oxygen and give off ___________________ _________________. What does the excretory system of most animals do?
◦ Helps maintain homeostasis by eliminating __________________ quickly or converts it into a less toxic substance that is removed from the body.
Animals respond to events in their environment using specialized cells called nerve _____________
To move or not to move
Motile: ability to _________.
Sessile: ___________ in adult life form
Reproduction
What type of reproduction maintains genetic diversity in populations? ___________________ ___________________ What does asexual reproduction allow an animal to do?
◦ It allows animals to increase their ________________ rapidly therefore increasing their chance of ___________________.
Early Development of Animals
What is another name for a fertilized egg? _______________
Protostome: development of an animal from mouth to ______________.
Deuterostome: development of an animal from tail to __________.
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Animal Symmetry
Bilaterally symmetrical animals have:
Label the Dorsal, Ventral, Anterior and Posterior of the Crayfish ◦ Dorsal (top) side and Ventral (bottom) side. ◦ Right and Left side. ◦ Anterior (head) and Posterior (tail) ends.
Type of Symmetry Description Examples
Body parts that repeat
around the center.
A single plane divides
the body into two
equal parts.
No pattern
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Introduction to Animal Body Systems Recall: Animal Cell Organelles
• ________________- Breaks down waste • Mitochondria- Cellular ________________, ATP • Nucleus- holds __________ • ________________- Protein Production • ________________- storage • Cell ________________- ________________ what
enters and leaves cell
Recall: Levels of Organization
________________-smallest unit of life
________________- group of specialized cells
________________- group of tissues with specific function
________________________________- multiple organs doing the same function
________________- many organ systems make up a single living thing
Recall: ________________ Tissues
Animal and Human organisms’ systems are made of specialized cells and tissues which function together to support life
Specialized cells include: o ________________ o ________________ o Epithelium o Neuron
The four biomolecules do these cells use to function & the elements each is made from are: o ________________- ________________ o ________________- ________________ o ________________- ________________ o ________________- ________________
Maintain cell processes differently o Ex. Muscle cells do cellular respiration at a faster rate than the other cells because they need
more ATP o Ex. ________________ cells ________________Oxygen o Ex. Each cell is needed to maintain the body’s ________________
Match the system with the correct function: SYSTEM ___ Cardiovascular System ___ Nervous System ___ Integumentary System ___ Excretory System ___ Immune System ___ Endocrine System ___ Reproductive System ___ Digestive System ___ Respiratory System ___ Skeletal System ___ Muscular System
FUNCTION
A. Break down food B. Movement C. Protection, structure and Support D. Get rid of wastes E. Maintain Homeostasis F. Exchange CO2 for O2 G. Respond to Stimuli H. Fight disease and infection I. Carry nutrients through body J. Create offspring K. barrier for protection
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Interacting Body Systems in Animals Describe the systems in animals that perform the functions of:
REGULATION
NUTRIENT ABSORPTION
REPRODUCTION
DEFENSE FROM INJURY OR ILLNESS Systems that Interact to Perform the Function of REGULATION: ________________ System
________________ System
A. Nervous System
Structure: o ________________- ________________nervous system o ________________ - peripheral nervous system, composed of long bundles of nerve cells o ________________: Specialized Nervous System Cells
Function: o ________________ all body functions by
________________ signals o ________________information from your
________________ B. ________________ System
Structures: o ________________ that secrete hormones
Function o ________________ act on organs and cells o Example: ________________ (gland)
-Secretes ________________ (hormone) -Affects ________________ ________________ levels
Interactions of Endocrine and Nervous Systems
Endocrine system secretes proteins or lipids called hormones that are sent to distant cells and organs
Nervous system sends electrochemical signals that are brief
They ________________ together to maintain ________________.
Systems that Interact to Perform the Function of NUTRIENT ABSORPTION: ________________ System
________________ System
________________ System
________________System
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C. Digestive System
________________: o Mouth o Esophagus o Stomach o Small intestine o Large intestine
Function: o Break down food into molecules that can be used by cells o ________________ feces from the body o Digestion ________________ in the ________________
-________________ uses ________________ to break food apart -Small intestine ________________nutrients using _____________ (fingerlike projections) -________________ intestine absorbs ________________ water
D. ________________ System
Structure: o ________________
4 chambers Top: 2 atriums Bottom: 2 ventricles
o ________________ and veins ________________ - Carry blood ________________ from
heart to body tissues ________________ - Carry blood from body tissues to the
heart o Blood
Function: o Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells o Blood _____________________ from digested food in the digestive
system ____________________________ of the body o Pick up ________________ and ________________ from the cells o ________________ hormones and nutrients
E. ________________ System
Structure: o Lungs o ________________ o ________________ muscles o Mouth and nose
Function: o Bring in ________________ and
________________ it with carbon dioxide in the blood
o ________________ carbon dioxide from the ________________
o Lungs have a ________________ of tubes -At the end of these tubes are tiny air sacs called alveoli -Blood vessels surround ________________ and ________________ _______ -To move air the chest cavity expands and ________________
o ________________ create this movement - ________________
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F. ________________ system (________________)
Structure: o ________________ (filter the blood) o ________________ o bladder o ________________
Function: o Kidneys filter blood o Filters and removes waste from ________________
releases it through ________________ o ________________ ________________ balance (salt
balance) o Regulates ________________ levels in the body o Primarily affected by the ________________ system
(________________) Systems that Perform the Function of REPRODUCTION: ________________ System
________________ System
G. ________________ System
Function: o Creation of gametes occurs through meiosis in the ________________ and testes o Recall:
________________ - sperm and eggs have half the chromosomes of an adult (23) ________________ - gametes fuse to create genetically unique child (46 ________________)
Structures: o Male
-_________ -_________ -Sperm -Epididymis -_________
o Female -_________ -_________ -_________ -Egg -Fallopian Tubes
Endocrine System
Function o Secretes ________________ into the bloodstream to regulate body ________________ o Responsible for ________________ ________________ in the body and ________________ o Ovaries and Testes are also glands responsible for producing ________________ and
________________
Structure:
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o Various ________________ throughout the body o ________________ and ________________
Interactions of Endocrine and Reproductive systems
Hormones control o ________________ o Fertility o ________________ o Birth
Systems that Perform the Function of DEFENSE AGAINST ILLNESS OR INJURY: Integumentary System Immune System Lymph System I. ________________ System
Largest organ of the body (about ____% of body weight)
Structure o ________________ o Hair o Feathers o Hoofs o Nails
Function o First line of defense against damage,
bacterial invaders, and viruses. o Makes ________________ ___ o Prevents ________________ loss in
________________ o Detects pain, pressure, and temperature o Gets rid of wastes in the form of ________________
J. ________________ System
Structures:
o Lymph nodes
o Spleen
o Bone marrow- produce wbc
Function o Fights off infection and disease o White blood cells remove
________________ o The ________________ system aids the
immune system in ________________ pathogens and ________________ waste
K. ________________System Reflex arc
Function o Automatic reaction controlled by _________
________ NOT brain
o Increases reaction time
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Other Systems Skeletal System Muscular System L. Skeletal System
Structure: o ________________ o ________________ - Covering on ends o ________________ - Rope like tissue holds bones together o Bone ________________ - Makes ________________ and ________________ blood cells
Function: o Provides ________________ and ________________ for ________________ o Protects and supports ________________ o Stores ________________
M. ________________ System
Structure o Muscle fibers o 3 ________________ of muscle tissue
- ________________: Digestive tract - Cardiac: ________________ - Skeletal: ________________ of bones
Function: o Create movement o ________________ - Tightening of muscle
- ________________: you consciously do it Ex: ________________________________ - ________________: body does it Ex: ________________________________
Feedback Mechanisms Recall: Homeostasis- A system that regulates its ________________ environment, to maintain a stable, ________________ condition Maintaining Homeostasis
______ of your body systems are involved in maintaining ________________ o Excretory – removes poisons and wastes o Circulatory – transfers materials throughout body o Integumentary – aids in temp control and protection o ________________ – produces and releases ________________ that control body functions o Immune – attacks and removes pathogens
Homeostatic ________________
Internal environment not in balance
Can be caused by ________________ and ________________ factors Ex. Hot external temps increase body temp Ex. Bacterial infection causes body temp to rise
When this occurs, your body ________________ the imbalance and tries to _____ the problem ________________ Factors
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External factors may cause your internal environment to change, become unbalanced More than just temperature change, Ex: ________________________________, ________________________________, ________________________________ Internal ________________ Mechanisms
Monitors ________________ ________________ and detects changes
________________ – detects changes and signals the brain
o Ex. Blood vessels sense resistance of blood flow (high blood pressure), sends signal to brain
Control center – ________________ signal from receptor and sends signal to effectors
o Ex. brain sends signal to heart and blood vessels
Effectors – ________________ to signal from ________________
o Ex. Heart rate decreases, blood vessels dilate (widen) to decrease blood pressure back to normal
________________ Feedback Mechanism
When the body senses a change away from its ________________ set point, the body ________________ mechanisms to help ________________ or ________________ these changes
Negative Feedback Example 1: Increase body temperature The body sends signals to dilate the blood vessels allowing heat to escape more easily.
Sweating will occur and the evaporation of liquid from the skin provides a cooling affect, helping to
lower the body temperature.
Systems Involved with Example 1________________________________________________
Negative Feedback Example 2: Decrease in body temperature The blood vessels constrict allowing the body to retain as much heat as possible.
If this isn't enough, the body will shiver to produce heat.
Systems Involved with Example 2________________________________________________
________________ Feedback Mechanism
Positive feedback is a self-________________ cycle in which one ________________, leads to even more significant changes in the ________________ ________________.
Positive Feedback Example 1: Labor and Childbirth The baby's head pushes on the cervix, sending signals to the brain
Increases oxytocin production, which stimulates contractions
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The baby's head is forced even more tightly against the cervix
The loop then repeats and becomes more and more intense until the baby has been born.
Systems Involved with Example 1________________________________________________
Positive Feedback Example 2: Fever If an infection is present, the body may respond by increasing temperature.
If the infection continues to the spread, the body will continue to raise it's temperature in an attempt kill
the pathogen.
Systems Involved with Example 2________________________________________________