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ECONOMICS OF WASTEECONOMICS OF WASTE
MANAGEMENT OF PALM OILMANAGEMENT OF PALM OILMILL EFFLUENT (POME)MILL EFFLUENT (POME)
UNIT 2 CASE STUDY #1UNIT 2 CASE STUDY #1
Picture of POME here
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Outline
Title of case study
Objective
Overview
Background info Palm oil industry Palm oil processes
POME Characteristics
Method of treatment
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Issues of POME
Advantages Disadvantages
Environmental impact (untreated)
COD, BOD
Methane (GHG, etc.)
Etc.
Environmental issues Emissions
Methane, CO2, GWP, GHG
Water quality, biodiversity E3
Economics of waste management (Cost benefitanalysis)
Unit assessment tasks Required structure of report for case study
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The case study aims to collect methane gas generated in the POME treatment
process, and so utilize it as a boiler an additional fuel (the others being fiber
and shell) for the generation of steam and electricity.
Palm oil mill effluent (POME) discharged from the CPO production process
currently undergoes anaerobic and aerobic lagoon treatment to comply with
the effluent standard in Malaysia.
This treatment releases a large quantity of methane gas into the atmosphere,
which has 21 times of effects compared with CO2 as GHGs.
Another issue is the contamination (COD, BOD etc.)
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Background on the palm oilBackground on the palm oil
industriesindustries Palm oil is for food and non
food uses
Malaysias palm oil productiongrew from 370,000 ton (1969)to 14 million ton (2004)accounting to 46% of the worldexport
Total planted areas are 3875million hectares from both thesmall holders and bigplantations [2004 data;Ministry of PlantationIndustries and Commodities].
Palm oil consumption: EU 25(48.2 kg/per); China (18.9kg/per); India (11.5 kg/per)
Source: ANUGA Food Tec, Koln, Germany 2004
BigPlantation
90.5%
SmallHoldingPlantation
9.5%
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hemat
icofCu
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POM
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A typical palm oil mill operationoutputs/inputs
S.S.Chen, Hasnah Mohd. Zin; Development of LCI for Biofuel Production fromPalm Oil, Proceedings of Meeting for LCA in ASEAN Biomass Project,14th 16th Nov 2006, Tsukuba japan.
Input item Quantity Unit
FFB 5.1 ton
Electricity 103 kWh
Diesel 3.17 litreFibre (fuel) 0.5 ton
Shell (fuel) 0.18 ton
Water (steam) 3.21 ton
Emission Quantity Unit
Shell 0.12 ton
Mesocarp 0.11 ton
EFB 1.19 ton
POME 3.1 m3
Boiler ash 0.015 ton
Flue gas
particulate 0.05 kg
CO 0.16 kg
CO2 86.4 kg
SO2 0.0017 kg
Nox 0.12 kg
Wastewater 3.54 m3CH4 56.18 m3
Output Item Quantity Unit
CPO 1 ton
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WHAT IS POME? It comprises of organic compounds originating
from vegetable materials, readily decomposedby anaerobic and aerobic bacteria.
It is a waste product of the palm oil industries in
Malaysia. The other waste products are Empty fruit bunches (EFB)
Mesocarp fibre
Palm kernel shells Palm kernel cake
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POME is normally discharged at atemperature of 80 90C to lagoon systemsfor waste water treatment.
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Characteristics of POME
It is an acidic brownish colloidal
suspension with high contents of organicsand solids.
More information on characteristics of rawPOME may be obtained here.
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ECh
aracteristic
s
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The POME Pollution Problem
Severe pollution was caused by the discharge of POMEinto watercourses. If it is discharged into water courses,
the biological reaction will deplete the dissolvedoxygen in the water.
affect aquatic life that provide a significant share ofthe diet of villagers.
polluted rivers and streams becomes unsuitable forhuman consumption.
Now, strict regulations [effluents quality shall notexceed 5000 mgL-1] by the government have reducedBOD load from 0% in 1978 to 99% in 1989.
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More explanation of problem
Explanation of BOD, COD, regulation,
untreated POME, methane
Environmental problem
Economic problem
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RELATED KEYWORDS
Biological oxidation demand (BOD)
Chemical oxidation demand (COD)
Crude palm oil (CPO) Fresh fruit branches (FFB)
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KEYWORD: BOD BOD - biochemical (biological) oxygen
demand is a test used to measure theconcentration of biodegradable organic matterpresent in a sample of water. It can be used toinfer the general quality of the water and its
degree of pollution and it is used in water qualitymanagement and assessment, Ecology andenvironmental science. BOD is not an accurate
quantitative test and should be considered asproviding an indicator of the quality of a waterbody. (source wikipedia)
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KEYWORD: COD In environmental chemistry, the chemical
oxygen demand (COD) test is commonly usedto indirectly measure the amount of organiccompounds in water. Most applications of CODdetermine the amount of organic pollutants
found in surface water (e.g. lakes and rivers),making COD a useful measure of water quality.It is expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/L),which indicates the mass of oxygen consumed
per liter of solution. Older references mayexpress the units as parts per million (ppm).(source wikipedia)
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Activity 1:
A businessman has been supplying FFB to a mill from his 24.7 acres of an oil palm plantation for 5 years.
Assuming that there are about 1500 palm trees in his plantation, calculate the possible amount of methane
yield (m3) from the POME that his company has helped to generate.
Activity:
Identify an industry of a country with environmental
impacts and discuss them in terms of
emissions/discharge/etc before and after regulations havebeen imposed. This could be the industry where the
economics of waste management may be studied further
along in this case study.
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Methods of treatment Schematic diagram of process & where in
process steps can be taken to mitigateproblem
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The POME Solution Among the current uses of POME are;
Production of methane [CH4] for electricity
Mixed with other materials to form animal feed
Chemical processing into bio-acids [acetic,propionic, and butyric acids] and organicacids for bioplastics (PHA).
Composting, mixing with other waste from thepalm oil mill.
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Methanation of POME Studies showed that 375 x 106 m3 or 225 Gg of CH4 is
evolved from open pond systems from POME treatment,
accounting for 10% of CH4 inventory in Malaysia. The CH4 amounts to 5,170 Gg in CO2 equivalent, or
3.6% of the estimated total emissions inMalaysia.[activity suggested: leave this as an acitivity
calculating Co2 equivalent] Amount of methane produced varies with temperature
and digestion process; thermophilic [organismspreferring warmer temperatures] or mesophilic[organisms that grows best in moderate temperatures;25-40 C].
Studies have shown that methane yield of 0.47 0.92m3kg-1 BOD added is produced[yr of data]
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Methanation and capturing of methane from POMEExample : Anaerobic Digester
POME
Anaerobic Digester
Biogas storage system
Power generation
Pressurizedstorage vessel
scrubbers
compressors
Piping & housing
Calculation of CH4 emissions arising from the secondarytreatment of POME from open lagoons according to IPCC
guidelines
(http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage)
Evaluate Reactor size
Evaluate present boiler size and heat
requirement (Modification)
Economic evaluation
Life-cycle costbenefit
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Digester
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Ov
erallSche
maticofCaseStud
y
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Uncertainties of Methanation Process
Technological proven ?
Economically feasible ?
Constant supply ? (quality and quantity)
Availability & distribution ? (nationwide)
The technologies and system to be in
the project shall be determined in
terms of:
Efficiency
Stability
Cost
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Draw up a list of possible realisticand credible alternatives for the
treatment of POME
Eliminate alternatives that are notcomplying with applicable laws
and regulations
Compare economic
attractiveness of remainingalternatives
- Life-cycle cost benefit- Simple payback
- Incremental investment costs
- O&M costs and;- All other costs of implementing the technology
of the each alternative option.- All revenues generated by the implementationof the technology
Methodology
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Costben
efitanalysis
omic
analysis
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ReactorS
ys
Storagesy
stem
Comp&scrubbers
Piping
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Activity 1:
A businessman has been supplying FFB to a mill from his 24.7 acres of an oil palm plantation for 5 years.
Assuming that there are about 1500 palm trees in his plantation, calculate the possible amount of methane
yield (m3) from the POME that his company has helped to generate.
Activity 2:
A businessman has been supplying FFB to a mill from his 24.7
acres of an oil palm plantation for 5 years. Assuming that there are
about 1500 palm trees in his plantation..more data, calculate the possible amount of methane yield (m3) from the POME
that his company has helped to generate.
Economic analysis and the mitigated amount of CH4
Click here for help [1 hectare = 2.471 acres].
Some oil palm mills have their operations in peak and trough periods which
run in four and eight months respectively. Production of FFB is about 51% of the annual FFB output during the trough
period with 240 m3 per day of wastewater used. More wastewater is utilized
during the peak period, 450 m3/day.
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Mill Production Capacity
Big Plantation Small Holding PlantationCapacity 140 palm tree
s/hectare
148 palm trees/hectare
Weight of FFB 25 kg 15 kg
Monthly average production
per palm
1.21 FFB/palm/month
(0.03025 ton/palm/month)
0.75 FFB/palm/month (0.0112
ton/palm/month)Average FFB yield 20 ton/hectare/year 14.8 ton/hectare/year
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bleto
showth
eresultoftheCBAon
OME
solution
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References
Biomass Utilization in Malaysia: Current Status of Conversion of Biomass into
Bioproducts, M. A. HASSAN & S. YACOB, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 2005
The World Bank Group, Malaysia: Experience in Effluent Control in the Palm Oil
Industry Specific approach: standards and charges, 2005
American Palm Oil Council, The Environmental Effect of Palm Oil Plantation, 2004
MPOB (2004a), MPOB 1st, 2nd Half and Monthly Palm Oil Prices: August 2004
(RM/Tonne). Malaysian Palm Oil Board,
http://161.142.157.2/home2/home/ei_tajukmon02.html (last updated 16th august 2004)
MPOB (2004b), Malaysian Oil Palm Statistics 2003. Economics and Industry
Development Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board,
http://161.142.157.2/home2/home/ei_tajukmon02.html (last updated 16th august 2004),
Kelana Jaya.
S. Sinnappa International Conference on Water Pollution Control in DevelopingCountries, Bangkok, February 1978 Treatment Studies of Palm Oil Mill waste effluent
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