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Unit 4: Introduction
Topics: Public health concerns. Conducting head-to-toe assessments. Treating injuries.
PM 4-1
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Unit Objectives
Take appropriate measures to protect public health.
Perform head-to-toe patient assessments. Apply splints to suspected fractures and sprains,
and employ basic treatments for other wounds.
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Public Health Considerations
Maintain proper hygiene. Maintain proper sanitation. Purify water (if necessary).
PM 4-2
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Steps to Maintain Hygiene
Wash hands frequently using soap and water. Wear latex gloves; change or disinfect after each
patient. Wear a mask and goggles. Keep dressings sterile. Avoid contact with body fluids.
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Maintaining Sanitation
Control disposal of bacterial sources. Put waste products in plastic bags, tie off, and
mark as medical waste. Bury human waste.
PM 4-3
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Conducting Head-to-Toe Assessment
Bruising Swelling Severe pain Disfigurement
Provide immediate treatment for life-threatening injuries!
PM 4-4
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Conducting Head-to-Toe Assessment
A head-to-toe assessment: Determines the extent of injuries and treatment. Determines the type of treatment needed. Documents injuries.
PM 4-4
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Head-to-Toe Assessment
1. Head2. Neck3. Shoulders4. Chest5. Arms6. Abdomen7. Pelvis8. Legs9. Back
PM 4-5
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Head, Neck and Spinal Injuries
Signs: Change in consciousness. Inability to move one or more body parts. Severe pain or pressure. Tingling or numbness. Difficulty breathing or seeing. Heavy bleeding, bruising, or deformity. Blood or fluid in nose or ears
PM 4-6
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Head, Neck and Spinal Injuries
Signs: Bruising behind the ear. “Raccoon” eyes. “Uneven” pupils. Seizures. Nausea or vomiting.
PM 4-6
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Treating Burns
Cool the burned area. Cover to reduce infection.
PM 4-8
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Layers of Skin
Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous layer
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Classification of Burns
Superficial (First degree) Partial-Thickness (Second degree) Partial Thickness (Third degree)
PM 4-9
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Wound Care
Control bleeding Prevent secondary infection Clean wound—don’t scrub Apply dressing and bandage
PM 4-10
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Rules of Dressing
1. In the absence of active bleeding, remove dressing and flush, check wound at least every 4-6 hours.
2. If there is active bleeding, redress over existing dressing and maintain pressure and elevation.
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Treating Amputations
Control bleeding Treat for shock Save tissue parts, wrapped in clean cloth Keep tissue cool Keep tissue with the victim
PM 4-11
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Treating Impaled Objects
Impaled Objects: Immobilize. Don’t move or remove. Control bleeding. Clean and dress wound. Wrap.
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Treating Fractures, Dislocations, Sprains, and Strains
Objective: Immobilize the injury and joints about and below the injury.
If questionable, treat as a fracture.
PM 4-12
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Treating an Open Fracture
Do not draw exposed bones back into tissue. Do not irrigate wound.
PM 4-12
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Treating an Open Fracture
DO: Cover wound. Splint fracture without disturbing wound. Place a moist 4" x 4" dressing over bone end to
prevent drying.
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Signs of Sprain
Tenderness at injury site Swelling and/or bruising Restricted use or loss of use
Immobilize and elevate.
PM 4-14
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Signs of Strain
Similar to a sprain. Stretching or tearing of muscles or tendons. Difficult to distinguish from sprains or fractures.
When uncertain? Treat as a fracture!
PM 4-14
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Guidelines for Splinting
1. Support the injured area.
2. Splint injury in the position that you find it.
3. Don’t try to realign bones.
4. Check for color, warmth, and sensation.
5. Immobilize above and below the injury.
PM 4-16
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Nasal Bleeding
Causes: Blunt force Skull fracture Nontrauma-related conditions
Blood loss can lead to shock. Victims may become nauseated and vomit if they
swallow blood.
PM 4-17
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Treatment of Nasal Bleeding
Lean patient forward. Pinch nostrils together. Put pressure on upper lip, just under the nose.
PM 4-17
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Symptoms of Hypothermia
Primary signs and symptoms: A body temperature of 95o Fahrenheit (37o
Celsius) or less Redness or blueness of the skin Numbness accompanied by shivering
PM 4-18
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Symptoms of Hypothermia
At later stages, hypothermia will be accompanied by: Slurred speech. Unpredictable behavior. Listlessness.
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Treatment of Hypothermia
Remove wet clothing. Wrap victim in blanket or sleeping bag. Protect victim against weather. Provide warm drinks and food to conscious
victim.
PM 4-19