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Skills StrandGrade 3
Core Knowledge Language Arts®
Unit 4Vocabulary Cards
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civilization
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civilization—a group of people living together, often in cities, with the same laws, leaders and form of government, language and writing system (civilizations)Unit 4: Chapter 1
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Etruscan
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Etruscan—a person who was part of a civilization to the north of Rome who the Romans defeated (Etruscans)Unit 4: Chapter 1
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conquer
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conquer—to take control of something by force (conquered)
Unit 4: Chapter 1
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Mediterranean
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Mediterranean—the sea around which the Romans created their empire; an important body of water for trade, war, and transportationUnit 4: Chapter 1
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Jesus
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Jesus—a religious teacher born in in the Palestine region of the Roman Empire, also called Jesus Christ; Christianity is based on his teachings.Unit 4: Chapter 1
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BC/BCE
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BC/BCE—Before Christ (Jesus); Before the Christian Era or Before the Common EraUnit 4: Chapter 1
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empire
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empire—a group of nations or territories ruled by the same leader, an emperor or empress; like a kingdom Unit 4: Chapter 2
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historian
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historian—a person who writes about history (historians)
Unit 4: Chapter 2
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Romulus
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Romulus—one of the brothers who started Rome according to legend; He killed his brother Remus in a fight over where to build the city and then built Rome and named it after himself.Unit 4: Chapter 2
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Remus
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Remus—one of the brothers who started Rome according to legend; He was killed by his brother Romulus in a fight over where to build the city.Unit 4: Chapter 2
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threat
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threat—someone or something that is or may be dangerous
Unit 4: Chapter 2
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she-wolf
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she-wolf—a female wolf
Unit 4: Chapter 2
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taunt
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taunt—to tease or make someone upset by making fun of or being mean to the personUnit 4: Chapter 2
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legendary
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legendary—well-known or stemming from an old story passed down from long ago that is usually not trueUnit 4: Chapter 2
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immortal
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immortal—able to live forever
Unit 4: Chapter 3
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Mount Olympus
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Mount Olympus—the home of the Roman gods and goddesses
Unit 4: Chapter 3
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marriage
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marriage—the committed partnership between two people to make a home and raise a familyUnit 4: Chapter 3
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trident
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trident—Neptune’s magical, three-pronged spear that was shaped like a forkUnit 4: Chapter 3
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rough
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rough—not calm
Unit 4: Chapter 3
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messenger
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messenger—someone who delivers messages back and forth
Unit 4: Chapter 3
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beautiful
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beautiful—very pretty, lovely
Unit 4: Chapter 3
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mission
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mission—a very important job
Unit 4: Chapter 3
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blacksmith
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blacksmith—a person who molds hot iron into metal objects
Unit 4: Chapter 4
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shrine
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shrine—a place where people pray to or worship gods and goddesses
Unit 4: Chapter 4
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priestess
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priestess—a woman who performs special duties to honor and communicate with the godsUnit 4: Chapter 4
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wisdom
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wisdom—knowledge and good judgment gained over time
Unit 4: Chapter 4
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satyr
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satyr—a creature who was half man, half goat and was often found with Bacchus (satyrs)Unit 4: Chapter 4
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jealousy
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jealousy—wanting what someone else has, wanting complete attention (jealous)Unit 4: Chapter 5
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do his mother’s bidding
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do his mother’s bidding—follow orders from his mother
Unit 4: Chapter 5
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prick
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prick—to make a small hole with something sharp (pricked)
Unit 4: Chapter 5
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curious
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curious—wanting to know more
Unit 4: Chapter 5
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depart
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depart—to leave
Unit 4: Chapter 5
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eager
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eager—showing great interest in something
Unit 4: Chapter 6
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confident
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confident—sure, certain
Unit 4: Chapter 6
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laugh
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laugh—to giggle or chuckle at something that is funny
Unit 4: Chapter 6
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aid
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aid—to offer help
Unit 4: Chapter 6
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underworld
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underworld—underground place where dead people’s spirits go
Unit 4: Chapter 6
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beauty
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beauty—being pretty
Unit 4: Chapter 6
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pity
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pity—to feel sorry or unhappy for someone
Unit 4: Chapter 6
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ambrosia
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ambrosia—the drink of the gods; Those who drank it became immortal.
Unit 4: Chapter 6
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Damocles
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Damocles—a friend of Dionysius who wanted to be king and have Dionysius’s lifeUnit 4: Chapter 7
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Dionysius
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Dionysius—the king of Syracuse, a part of the Roman Empire, and friend of DamoclesUnit 4: Chapter 7
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envy
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envy—to want what someone else has (envied)
Unit 4: Chapter 7
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banquet
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banquet—a large feast to celebrate something
Unit 4: Chapter 7
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dangle
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dangle—to hang loosely (dangling)
Unit 4: Chapter 7
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conduct
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conduct—to carry out, such as an activity
Unit 4: Chapter 7
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advisor
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advisor—a person who offers advice and help
Unit 4: Chapter 7
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downfall
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downfall—a sudden fall from power
Unit 4: Chapter 7
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republic
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republic—a kind of government in which people are elected as representatives to rule Unit 4: Chapter 8
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govern
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govern—to rule or control (governed, government)
Unit 4: Chapter 8
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tyrant
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tyrant—a ruler who is mean, harsh, and acts without regard for laws or rules
Unit 4: Chapter 8
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cruel
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cruel—mean, causing pain on purpose
Unit 4: Chapter 8
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monarchy
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monarchy—a kind of government in which a king or queen rules and selects who will rule after his/her death, usually the oldest sonUnit 4: Chapter 8
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elect
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elect—to choose through votes (elected)
Unit 4: Chapter 8
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official
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official—a person who holds an office and has authority (officials)
Unit 4: Chapter 8
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Senate
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Senate—a group of men (senators) who were elected to represent the people who voted for them and met to make decisions and pass laws for the Roman republic; American government today also has a Senate (and senators). (senators)Unit 4: Chapter 8
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consul
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consul—one of two top officials elected to govern the Roman republic (consuls)
Unit 4: Chapter 8
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honor
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honor—a privilege or special opportunity to do something
Unit 4: Chapter 8
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democracy
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democracy—a kind of government in which people are elected as representatives freely and equally by all people of voting ageUnit 4: Chapter 8
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patrician
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patrician—a person from an old, wealthy, powerful family in the Roman republic who held government positions (patricians)Unit 4: Chapter 8
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plebeian
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plebeian—an ordinary person who was poor and had little education or power in the Roman republic (plebeians)Unit 4: Chapter 8
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Founding Fathers of the United States
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Founding Fathers of the United States—men who played important roles in creating the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, including John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington
Unit 4: Chapter 8
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Hannibal
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Hannibal—general from Carthage who led the fight against Rome during the Second Punic War; He won many battles but lost the war.Unit 4: Chapter 9
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Carthage
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Carthage—city on the coast of Africa that Romans saw as a rival city (Carthaginians, Carthaginian)Unit 4: Chapter 9
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rival
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rival—an enemy
Unit 4: Chapter 9
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Punic War
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Punic War—one of the three wars fought between the Romans and the Carthaginians over control of the Mediterranean (Punic Wars)Unit 4: Chapter 9
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invade
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invade—to attack or enter a place in order to take control of it
Unit 4: Chapter 9
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avalanche
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avalanche—snow, ice, and rocks that suddenly fall down the side of a mountain (avalanches)Unit 4: Chapter 9
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counter-attack
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counter-attack—a military response to an attack
Unit 4: Chapter 9
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confront
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confront—to meet face-to-face (confronted)
Unit 4: Chapter 9
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victorious
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victorious—having won a battle, war, or contest
Unit 4: Chapter 9
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Julius Caesar
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Julius Caesar—a Roman general who conquered many lands and expanded the Roman republic; After serving as a consul, he decided he did not like the way the republic was run. He became a dictator, was then seen as a threat, and was killed.Unit 4: Chapter 10
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ransom
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ransom—money paid to free someone who has been captured or kidnapped
Unit 4: Chapter 10
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talent
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talent—a unit of measurement in ancient Rome, equal to about 71 pounds, used to measure gold and silver (talents)Unit 4: Chapter 10
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barbarian
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barbarian—a person who is wild, sometimes violent, and does not behave the right way (barbarians)Unit 4: Chapter 10
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establish
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establish—to gain recognition for doing something well (established)
Unit 4: Chapter 10
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revolt
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revolt—riot or revolution against a ruler or government
Unit 4: Chapter 10
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Veni, vidi, vici[wae-NEE, wee-DEE, wee-KEE]
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Veni, vidi, vici [wae-NEE, wee-DEE, wee-KEE]—I came, I saw, I conquered, Julius Caesar’s report about his efforts in AsiaUnit 4: Chapter 10
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Latin
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Latin—the language of ancient Rome
Unit 4: Chapter 10
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Rubicon
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Rubicon—the river Julius Caesar crossed even though the Roman senators warned him not to, leading to a civil war Unit 4: Chapter 11
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traitor
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traitor—someone who is not loyal
Unit 4: Chapter 11
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civil war
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civil war—a war between groups within the same country
Unit 4: Chapter 11
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defeat
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defeat—to win a victory over (defeated)
Unit 4: Chapter 11
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Cleopatra
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Cleopatra—the Queen of Egypt; She became queen with help from Julius Caesar.Unit 4: Chapter 11
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dictator
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dictator—a person who rules a country with total control, often in a cruel way; A dictator is not elected. (dictators)Unit 4: Chapter 11
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unusual
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unusual—rare
Unit 4: Chapter 11
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conspirator
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conspirator—a person who has secretly planned to do something harmful (conspirators)Unit 4: Chapter 11
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Augustus
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Augustus—Julius Caesar’s adopted son who changed ancient Rome from a republic to an empire by becoming the emperorUnit 4: Chapter 12
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tradition
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tradition—custom (traditions)
Unit 4: Chapter 12
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reform
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reform—to change the way things are done to make them better (reformed)
Unit 4: Chapter 12
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magnificent
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magnificent—impressive and beautiful
Unit 4: Chapter 12
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reign
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reign—period of time during which a ruler is in charge
Unit 4: Chapter 12
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Pantheon
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Pantheon—a temple built to honor all of the Roman gods
Unit 4: Chapter 12
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architecture
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architecture—design or style of buildings
Unit 4: Chapter 12
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Colosseum
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Colosseum—a huge arena in Rome where people would go to watch events, mainly gladiator fights, that is one of the most recognizable buildings from the Roman EmpireUnit 4: Chapter 12
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ruins
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ruins—the remains of something that has fallen or been destroyed
Unit 4: Chapter 12
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chariot
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chariot—a cart with two wheels and no seats that is pulled by horses; The driver stands up in the cart to hold the horses’ reins.Unit 4: Chapter 12
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Circus Maximus
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Circus Maximus—a large stadium where chariot races were held
Unit 4: Chapter 12
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aqueduct
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aqueduct—a stone structure built to carry water from the country into the city (aqueducts)Unit 4: Chapter 12
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gladiator
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gladiator—a man trained to fight people and animals for entertainment, often resulting in death (gladiators)Unit 4: Chapter 13
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crouch
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crouch—to stoop or squat (crouched)
Unit 4: Chapter 13
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vicious
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vicious—dangerous, violent, mean
Unit 4: Chapter 13
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arena
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arena—the area of a stadium where the events actually take place
Unit 4: Chapter 13
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befriend
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befriend—to become friends with (befriended)
Unit 4: Chapter 13
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emperor
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emperor—the male ruler/head of an empire
Unit 4: Chapter 13
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Christianity
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Christianity—a religion based on the teachings of Jesus (Christian)
Unit 4: Chapter 15
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miracle
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miracle—an amazing event with no explanation, believed to be an act of God (miracles)Unit 4: Chapter 15
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subjects
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subjects—people who are ruled by a king or emperor
Unit 4: Chapter 15
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trial
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trial—a meeting in court to determine if someone has broken the law
Unit 4: Chapter 15
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divine
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divine—relating to God
Unit 4: Chapter 15
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religion
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religion—the belief in a god or many gods
Unit 4: Chapter 15
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faith
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faith—strong religious beliefs
Unit 4: Chapter 15
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Constantine
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Constantine—the Emperor who ended the war between the Romans and Christianity; the first Roman Emperor to convert to ChristianityUnit 4: Chapter 15
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Justinian
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Justinian—great emperor of the Eastern Empire who built the Hagia Sophia and organized laws into Justinian’s CodeUnit 4: Chapter 16
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illegal
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illegal—against the law
Unit 4: Chapter 16
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Byzantium
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Byzantium—ancient city in the eastern part of the Roman Empire, later called ConstantinopleUnit 4: Chapter 16
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Constantinople
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Constantinople—new name for the city of Byzantium and Constantine’s favorite city, which he wanted to turn into a “new Rome”Unit 4: Chapter 16
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pillar
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pillar—a column that supports a building or a supporting part of something (pillars)Unit 4: Chapter 16
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collapse
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collapse—to suddenly fail (collapsed)
Unit 4: Chapter 16
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Western Empire
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Western Empire—the western half of the Roman Empire
Unit 4: Chapter 16
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Eastern Empire
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Eastern Empire—the eastern half of the Roman Empire
Unit 4: Chapter 16
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Hagia Sophia
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Hagia Sophia—a large Christian church with a magnificent dome built by Justinian in ConstantinopleUnit 4: Chapter 16
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scholar
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scholar—a person with a lot of knowledge about a certain subject (scholars) Unit 4: Chapter 16
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Justinian’s Code
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Justinian’s Code—the laws organized and published by Justinian
Unit 4: Chapter 16
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mosaic
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mosaic—art made by putting small pieces of glass or tile together to form a picture (mosaics)Unit 4: Chapter 16
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Pompeii
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Pompeii—a city in the Roman Empire that was wiped out when Mount Vesuvius eruptedUnit 4: Chapter 17
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Mount Vesuvius
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Mount Vesuvius—a volcano that erupted in AD 79 and wiped out the city of PompeiiUnit 4: Chapter 17
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volcano
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volcano—a mountain with openings through which melted rock, ash, and hot gases explode Unit 4: Chapter 17
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plume
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plume—a cloud of smoke that rises into the air in a tall, thin shape
Unit 4: Chapter 17
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pumice
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pumice—gray volcanic rock
Unit 4: Chapter 17
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preserve
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preserve—to save in its original form so that it remains the same (preserved)
Unit 4: Chapter 17
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Horatius
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Horatius—a Roman soldier who became a hero by fighting the Etruscan army with two other men so that the other Romans could escape; He jumped in the river during the fight and drifted downstream to Rome.Unit 4: Chapter 18
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hew
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hew—to cut something with a sharp tool
Unit 4: Chapter 18
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ye
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ye—old fashioned way of saying “you”
Unit 4: Chapter 18
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foe
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foe—an enemy
Unit 4: Chapter 18
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yon
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yon—distant
Unit 4: Chapter 18
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thou
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thou—old fashioned way of saying “you”
Unit 4: Chapter 18
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armor
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armor—a protective covering, usually made of metal, worn by soldiers in battleUnit 4: Chapter 18
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valiantly
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valiantly—in a brave and courageous manner
Unit 4: Chapter 18