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UNIT 5
Pathology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Prefixes dys-, brady-, tachy- poly-, syn-
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“C” Rule of Pronunciation
When followed by o, u, a, or a consonant, “c” is pronounced with a “k” sound:
coat, cut, cake, cluck
When followed by i, e, or y, “c” is pronounced with a soft “c” or “s” sound:
city, cereal, cycle
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“C” Rule of Pronunciation
Hard “c” words:coloncardiaccoccicoccuschlamydiacandida
Soft “c” words:cystocelebacillicerebralencephalitiscyanosiscystectomy
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Disease-producing microorganismscocci bacilli curved rods
viruses
other pathogens
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Cocci:spherically shaped bacteria
Cocci growing in pairs = dipl/o/cocci
Cocci growing in twisted chains = strept/o/cocci (Streptococcus pyogenes)
Cocci growing in clusters = staphyl/o/cocci (Staphylococus aureus)
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Bacilli:rod-shaped bacteria
Rod-shaped bacteria growing in pairs =dipl/o/bacilliRod-shaped bacteria growing in twisted chains =strept/o/bacilli
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Singular/PluralBacterium = singular formBacteria = plural form
Coccus = singular formCocci = plural form
Bacillus = singular formBacilli = plural form
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Staphyl/oGreek for “a cluster of grapes”Also refers to the palatine uvula
The “hangy-down”thing in the backof the mouth.
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Py/o
The combining form used for words involving pus
a liquid inflammation product made up of cells (leukocytes), a thin fluid, and cellular debris
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-rrhea
a suffix meaning flow or discharge:diarrheapyorrheaotorrhearhinorrhea
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Ot/o
Greek word root meaning ear
Tympan/o
Greek word root meaning eardrum
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Prefixes:
a- not, lack of (before a consonant)an- not, lack of (before a vowel)brady- abnormally slowdys-difficult, abnormal, poor, painfultachy- abnormally fast
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Audi/ocombining form for hearing
Phon/ocombining form for voice or vocal sounds
combining form for speech
Phas/o
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Rhin/ofrom the Greek word meaning nose-horn
Lith/othe combining form for calculus or stone
the combining form for gall or bile
Chol/e
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Pne/o
from the Greek word for breath
-pneaa suffix meaning breathing
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Peps/o
from the Greek word for digestion
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More prefixes:hyper- more than or abovehypo- less than or belowmicro- smallmacro- largesyn- with or togetherpro- beforepoly- too much or too many
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Sound made by “c” followed by an “o”A. sB. kC. jD. x
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Sound made by “c” followed by an “i”
A. sB. kC. jD. x
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Plural for round-shaped bacteria
A. bacilliB. bacillusC. coccusD. cocci
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Prefix for double
A. tri-B. diplo-C. daplo-D. ex-
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Combining form for twisted chains
A. strepB. streptoC. stretpD. strept
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Combining form for uvula
A. staphyloB. streptoC. vulvoD. uvul
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Suffix for flow or discharge
A. -itisB. -rrhagiaC. -pneaD. -rrhea
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Combining form for ear
A. audioB. tympanoC. otoD. oculo
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Suffix for surgical repair
A. -acopyB. -tomyC. -ectomyD. -plasty
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Combining form for bile (gall)
A. choleB. calculC. lithD. bil
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Singular for rod-shaped bacteria
A. bacillaB. bacillusC. coccusD. bacterium
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Combining form for pus
A. genicB. gen/oC. staphyl/oD. py/o
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Word root for nose
A. otB. rhinC. nas/oD. lith
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Suffix meaning infestation
A. -iasisB. -pathyC. -lithD. -oid
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Suffix for breathing
A. -pneB. -pneoC. -pneaD. -pepsia
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Combining form for heat
A. temperoB. thermalC. thermoD. Fahrenheit
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Prefix for small
A. incro-B. macro-C. micro-D. hypo-
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Prefix for large
A. macro-B. megaly-C. micro-D. poly-
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Prefix for join together
A. inter-B. intra-C. osis-D. syn-
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Suffix for thirst
A. -hydroB. -dipsiaC. -maniaD. -poly
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Word root for finger or toe (digits)
A. acroB. dactylC. digitD. phalang
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Prefix for many or much
A. poly-B. olig-C. hyper-D. sub-