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Unit 7: The Rise of Islam
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What was Arabia like before Muhammad?
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Arabia, the Birthplace of Islam The Arabian Peninsula is a desert region with
little fertile soil (primarily around oases).Most Arabs lived in
desert tribes (Bedouins) which were centered
around families & were ruled by clans
Arabia was not united under a single gov’t, but
Arabs did have a common language (Arabic)
Most Arabs were polytheistic
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Arabia, the Birthplace of Islam But, Arabia was the intersection of 3 continents (Africa, Asia, & Europe) so it was an important
region for trade & had lots of cultural diffusion
One of the wealthiest trade cities in Arabia
was Mecca, at the crossroads of two
major caravan routes.
Mecca was also a religious city; The
Ka’aba was a house of worship that held statues of
hundreds of gods
Arabs made pilgrimages to Mecca to visit
the Ka’aba
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Overview of Islam ■Around 600 AD, a new
monotheistic religion began called Islam:–The faith was
founded by the prophet Muhammad–His followers, called
Muslims, spread Islam throughout the Middle East, Africa, Asia, & Europe
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Who was Muhammad?
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The Early Life of Muhammad■He was born in Mecca
in 570 into a powerful clan, was orphaned at a young age, & was raised by his grandparents
■As an adult, Muhammad became an honest & successful merchant
■He married Khadijah, a wealthy widow & started a family
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What happened to Muhammad in 610?
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Muhammad & Islam ■ Muhammad created Islam:–Muhammad’s work brought him into
contact with Jewish & Christian merchants
– In 610, Muhammad went to meditate in a cave and was told by the angel Gabriel that he was a prophet sent to Earth by God
– He began preaching a new monotheistic faith called Islam (“submission to the will of Allah”)
– His followers were known as Muslims (“one who has submitted”)
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What is the basic concept of Islam?
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Islam ■Basic beliefs of Islam:–Muslims believe in
one God, called Allah –Allah is the same
God worshipped by Jews & Christians –Muslims believe
Muhammad was the last of God’s prophets
The teachings of Mohammed were
written down in the Qur'an (Koran), the holy book of Islam
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How did some people respond to Muhammad’s new religion?
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Reactions to Islam–By 613, Muhammad
began preaching his new ideas in Mecca–Some people were
attracted to Islam–But, many people
feared Muhammad’s growing popularity & that Mecca would lose its status as a holy city
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How did Muhammad react to violenceby non-Muslims in Mecca?
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Islam Grows in Medina ■After years of attacks, in
622, Muhammad & his followers fled to Medina–This migration was
known as the Hijrah–In Medina, Muhammad
gained new converts who put Islam above their families & clans –He taught respect for
Christians & Jews (“People of the Book”)
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What did Muhammad do afterhe gained converts & returned to Mecca?
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Islam ■ In 630, Muhammad returned to Mecca with 10,000 troops
& conquered the city–He destroyed the
god statues in the Ka’aba, and called for prayer on the roof of the Ka’aba.–This time, the people in
Mecca converted to Islam and joined the umma (Muslim religious community)–In 632, Muhammad died
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The Teachings of Islam
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The First Pillar: Shahadah (Faith)
“There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of
Allah”
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The Second Pillar: Salat (Prayer)• Five times a day, Muslims
face toward Mecca and pray.• They may assemble at a
mosque (Islamic House of Worship) or wherever they find themselves.
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The Third Pillar: Zakat (Alms)•Support the less
fortunate by giving money to the poor.
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The Fourth Pillar: Siyam (Fasting)
•During the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, Muslims fast.
•“Greater Needs than Bread”
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The Fifth Pillar: Hajj (Pilgrimage)
• All Muslims must perform a pilgrimage to Mecca in their lifetime.
• Pilgrims wear identical garments so that they all stand before Allah as equals.
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Jihad• Personal struggle
to do the right thing
• Twisted into the concept of Holy War
(Used by some to justify violence)
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Qur’an – Holy Text of Islam■Qur’an - final authority
on all religious matters■Complete guide to life;
ethical and moral behavior
■Written in Arabic- must be learned since only Arabic can be used in worship.
■Acts as unifying force
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Shari’a•Islamic law applied to everyday family life, moral conduct, and business and community life of Muslims • No separation of religious law from civil and criminal law•Unites all Muslims.
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Women in Islamic Society•Spiritually equal with men
•Protected under law – inheritance laws guaranteed women a share of her parents’ and husband’s property
•Right to education•Consent to marriage•Divorce possible but difficult for women
•Overtime adapt Persian customs- separation of women•Purdah – Veiling or concealing women
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What happened to Islam after Muhammad’s death?
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Class Discussion:Who will take over after
Muhammad dies?
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Islam After Muhammad Under Rightly Guided Caliphs
■When Muhammad died in 632, the Muslim community elected a new leader called a caliph (“successor”)
■ The first 4 caliphs all knew Muhammad & promised to stay true to the Qur'an & Muhammad’s message
Muhammad & the 4 Rightly Guided Caliphs
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The Rightly Guided Caliphate ■ The first caliph was
Muhammad’s friend & father-in-law, Abu Bakr:– His goal was to keep
Muslims united under his gov’t (“caliphate”)
– He used jihad to control & expand the Muslim empire into Syria and the Persian Empire
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The Rightly Guided Caliphs ■ The empire expanded
under the next caliphs
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During the Rightly Guided Caliphates, the Islamic Empire expanded “Dar-al-Islam”
(the areas where Islam is practiced)
The caliphate never forced non-Muslims to convert, especially “People of the Book”
& allowed religious tolerance as long as taxes were paid to the empire
The caliphs used the Shari'a (laws of Islam) to govern the empire
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The Islamic Empire ■ After Muhammad, Islamic
leaders created an empire:–The Islamic Empire had
well-trained troops that conquered nearby regions (weakening Byzantine and Persian Empires)–The massive empire led
to great wealth for Muslims & new opportunities to spread Islam
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How did the Muslims treat conquered people?
■Special tax on non-Muslims- but allowed to practice own religion and live under own laws■Some Christians and Jews allowed to
have key roles in Muslim Empire■People convert to Islam- simple
message, no religious hierarchy, everyone is equal
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The Umayyad Empire■ After Ali’s death (the
last of the Rightly Guided Caliphs) in 661 led to a civil war for control of the empire: – The clan that came
to power started the Umayyad Empire
– But the rise of the Umayyads led to a division in Islam
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The Sunni-Shi’a – Division of IslamBefore the Umayyads, caliphs were elected
members of Muhammad’s family■ Shi’a Muslims rejected
the Umayyads■ The Shi’a believe
that caliph must come directly from Muhammad’s bloodline
■ The descendants are divinely inspired. They believe in martyrdom as a demonstration of faith
■ Sunni Muslims accepted the rule of the Umayyads
■ The Sunni believe caliphs should follow Muhammad’s example, but don’t have to be relatives
■ They believe the caliph should be a pious Muslim, a leader not a religious authority
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Third Group: Sufis
•Muslim mystics- meditation, fasting, other rituals
•Pursue a life of poverty and devotion to spiritual path.
•Missionary work spreads Islam
•Whirling Dervishes in Turkey an example
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The Umayyad Empire■The Umayyads expanded the empire which brought wealth & new Islamic converts.■Capital moved from Mecca to Damascus ■Umayyads surrounded with ceremony.■Relied on local officials (Byzantine and Persian influence)
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Under the Abbasids, the Islamic Empire grew
to its greatest extent
In 750, the Umayyad Empire was overthrown by the Abbasids
In 732, the Muslims were halted at the Battle
of Tours
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Muslims expand into Spain•Spanish Muslims called Moors (Moriscos)•Spanish Jews called Maranos•Spain is center of great cultural achievements under Islamic rule•Arts and literature and science Greek ideas taught and discussed•Wonderful architecture- Alhambra in Granada•Also take control of Sicily
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The Abbasid Empire (750 to 1258):■ The Abbasid caliphate built
a strong gov’t bureaucracy to rule their empire
■ Capital - Baghdad■Muslim merchants
expanded wealth by trading across Africa, Indian Ocean, and Mediterranean Sea
■Minarets-towers of mosques whereby the muezzin (mosque official) calls the faithful to prayer
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The Abbasid Empire
Wealth from trade led to
a golden age, a time of great
Muslim achievements
in science, math, medicine, & architecture
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Decline of the Abbasid Caliphate(Preview of what is to come…)
Seljuk Turks –migrate from Central Asia to Middle East in the 900s and threaten the Byzantine Empire
• Adopt Islam• Leader called a sultan• Fight the Christians in Constantinople• The Crusades – more on them in a few weeks
Mongols
• Genghiz Khan- 1216- marches across Central Asia
• Loots Baghdad –kills the last Abbasid caliph- eventually the Mongols convert to Islam
• Tamerlame- over runs Persia and Mesopotamia then heads toward India (more on that soon)
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Golden Age of Islam: Achievements Muslims during the Islamic Empire developed
innovations that are still used today because:
– The Islamic world was rich, diverse and creative. United diverse cultures including: Greeks, Chinese, Hindus, Arabs, Persians, Turks and others all contributed.
– Muslims helped spread ideas as well as goods along their trade routes (camel caravans) that connected Asia, Europe and Africa.
– Scholars read about and preserved Greek and Roman ideas.
– Islamic laws encouraged social mobility and the freeing of slaves.
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By 750 AD, Muslim leaders built an empireThe Islamic Empire
connected diverse people through religion & tradeMuslim scholars
focused on learning & developed
numerous cultural achievements that are still used today
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Trading and Commerce■Merchants seen as an honorable
occupation■Extensive trade routes help to
spread Islam via camel caravans■“Arabic” numerals from India■Sugar from India■Papermaking from China■Prosperous money economy–Sakk - Arabic word for check–Partnerships and letters of credit
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Manufacturing■Guilds regulate prices of hand made
items–Steel swords from Damascus–Leather from Cordoba–Cotton textiles from Egypt–Carpets from Persia
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City Building and Architecture■ Architecture- used domes and arches
■ The City of Baghdad – the Abbasids’ capital city was one of the most glorious in the world. It took 100,000 architects and workers four years to build the capital.
■Mosques – an important type of building was the mosque, the Muslim house of worship. Mosques usually had towers, courtyards, & prayer rooms. The designs reflected the great diversity of the empire.
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Jerusalem – Dome of the Rock
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Art and Music■Muslims developed a type of art known
as arabesque, that used ornate, abstract drawings and geometric patterns to decorate objects and books. (No worship of idols)
■Calligraphy, the art of beautiful handwriting, was considered to be the best art form of the day.
■ Textiles and music were two other influential ways that Muslim art developed during the period.
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Bookmaking and Literature■Muslims learned how to make paper from the
Chinese and began making lots of books. Baghdad had over 100 bookshops.
■ Arab and Persian stories, poetry and prose were collected into books. A famous example is A Thousand and One Arabian Nights .– In this book, a wife tells her husband a new tale
each night, including Aladdin and the Magic Lamp, Ali Baba and Sinbad the Sailor, that are still known today.
– Poetry- Firdawsi- history of Persia- The Book of Kings
– Omar Khayyam- The Rubaiyat- collection of 4 line poems
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Scholarship and Learning■Arabic language helped promote
learning.■Boys and girls- elementary education■ Scholars came together in Baghdad to
do research and translate texts from Greece, Persia, India and China into Arabic at the “House of Wisdom”.
■ Ibn Rushd (Averroes) - put all knowledge except the Quran to the test of reason
■ Ibn Khaldun- scientific study of history
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Mathematics■Muslims based their work in math in
part on ideas from India and classical Greece.
■One scholar, Al-Khwarizmi, is called the “Father of Algebra” which is used to solve problems with unknown numbers.
■Algebra helped popularize Arabic numerals in Europe and spread the concept of zero. In fact, the word zero comes from an Arabic word meaning “something empty”.
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Science & Technology■Muslim scholars made great advances
in astronomy.■Compasses & astrolabes (an instrument
that uses position of objects in the sky to find one’s location) could be used to locate the direction of Mecca.
■Restoration of old irrigation systems, built dams and aqueducts and used waterwheels to help the water supply.
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Geography and Navigation■Muslim scholars examined plants and
animals in different regions and divided the world into climate zones.
■Created extremely accurate maps that include trade routes and information about lands under Muslim rule.
■ Travelers, like Ibn Battuta, recorded information about their journeys all over the Muslim lands and beyond.
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Medicine■ Muslims established the world’s first hospitals and
based their knowledge on the works of ancient Greece, Mesopotamia and Egypt.
■ Doctors and Pharmacists have to pass tests to practice.
■ Doctors treated ailments through drugs, diet and exercise. They also performed operations and used stitches after surgeries.– Treat cataracts through surgery.
■ The Persian philosopher, Ibn Sina was also a great doctor who wrote amassed an encyclopedia that discussed the treatment of diseases.
■ Muhammad al Razi composed a textbook on medicine
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Recreation■ Fun was also a part of the Islamic
culture and two favorite pastimes were:–Polo – Borrowed from the Persians,
polo is a sport in which teams on horseback use mallets (wooden sticks) to strike a ball through a goal.–Chess – Was probably invented in
India and borrowed from the Persians, but this game of skill was spread across Muslim lands and introduced into Europe.